Anti-submarine warfare

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The anti-submarine warfare ( ASW , or in the old form A/S ) is a submarine war branch that uses surface battleships, aircraft , or other submarines to find, track and block, destroy, or destroy enemy submarines.

The success of anti-submarine warfare depends on a mix of sensor and weapon technology, training, and experience. Sophisticated sonar equipment for first detection, then grouping, locating, and tracking target submarines are key elements of ASW. To destroy the submarine, both torpedoes and naval mines are used, launched from air, surface, and subsea platforms. ASW also involves protecting friendly vessels.

Video Anti-submarine warfare

History

The first attack on ships by underwater vehicles is generally believed to be during the American Revolutionary War, using what is now called a naval mine but what came to be called a torpedo, despite attempts to build submarines has been done before.. The first self-propelled torpedo was invented in 1863 and launched from surface craft. The first submarine with torpedoes was Nordenfelt I built in 1884-1885, although it has been proposed earlier. In the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-05, submarines were a significant threat. At the beginning of the First World War nearly 300 submarines were in operation. Some warships are equipped with armored belts to protect against torpedoes.

However, there is no way to detect a submerged U-boat, and attacks on them are limited initially for attempting to damage their periscope with a hammer. The formation of Royal Navy torpedoes, HMS Vernon , explores explosive grapnel explosives; this drowned four or five U Boats in the First World War. A similar approach shows a string of 70 pounds (32 kg) on ​​a floating cable, which is electrically fired; a Baron Mountevans who is not interested in assuming that every U-boat is drowned by him.

Also tried dropping the 18,5 pound (8,4 kg) thrown buncotton bomb. Lance bombs were also developed; It features a conical iron drum of 35-40 pounds (16-18 kg) on ​​a 5 foot (1.5 m) axle, which is meant to be thrown on a submarine. Firing Lyddite's skin, or using a trench ditch, has been tried. The use of nets for U-boat trapping is also examined, such as the destroyer, HMS Starfish , equipped with bony torpedoes. To strike at a specified depth, aircraft bombs are attached to lanyards that will trigger their accusations; the same idea is a 16-pound (7.3 kg) guncotton load in a lanyard can; these two bound are known as Depth Charge Type A. Problems with lanyard straps and failed to function cause the development of a chemical pellet trigger as Type B. This is effective at a distance of about 20 feet (6.1 m).

The best concept appeared in the RN Torpedo School report in 1913, describing a device intended to compensate, "dropping mines". At the request of Admiral John Jellicoe, the standard Mark II mine is equipped with a hydrostatic pistol (developed in 1914 by Thomas Firth & Sons of Sheffield) set for 45 ft (14 m) shootings, to be launched from a hard platform. Weighing 1,150 pounds (520 kg), and effective at 100 ft (30 m), "cruiser mine" is also potentially harmful to the falling ship.

World War I

During the First World War, submarines were a major threat. They operate in the Baltic, the North Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean as well as the North Atlantic. Previously they were limited to relatively calm and protected waters. The boats used to combat them are various small surface ships that quickly use weapons and luck. They mainly rely on the fact that submarines on that day are often on the surface for various reasons, such as charging batteries or crossing over long distances. The first approach to protect a warship is a chain net strung from the side of a warship, as a defense against a torpedo. Nets are also deployed at the mouth of the port or naval base to stop the submarine from entering or stopping the torpedoes of the Whitehead type being fired into the ship. The British warship was equipped with a ram that could be used to sink the submarine, and U-15 finally drowned in August 1914.

RN in June 1915 commenced a Type D depth-operational pilot test, with a 300-pound TNT (TNT) load (due to TNT's critical supply) and a hydrostatic gun, firing at 40 or 80 ft (12 or 24 hours). m), and is believed to be effective at a distance of 140 ft (43 m); Type D *, with a charge of 120 pounds (54 kg), is offered for smaller vessels.

In July 1915, the British Navy established the Discovery and Research Council to evaluate community suggestions and conduct their own investigations. About 14,000 suggestions are accepted about fighting the submarine. In December 1916, RN formed its own Anti-Submarine Division (from which came the term "Asdic") but the relationship with the BIR was bad. After 1917 most ASW jobs were done by ASD. In the US, the Naval Consultative Board was founded in 1915 to evaluate ideas. After America entered into war in 1917, they encouraged work on submarine detection. The US National Research Council, a civil organization, brought British and French experts to the underwater voice to meet their American counterparts in June 1917. In October 1918, there was a meeting in Paris on "supersonic", a term used for an echo. - retained, but the technique was still under investigation at the end of the war.

The first submarine sinking recorded by the depth charge was U-68 , drowned by Q-ship HMSÃ, Farnborough from Kerry, Ireland March 22, 1916. In early 1917, Royal Force The sea has also developed a loop indicator consisting of long cable lengths on the seafloor to detect submarine magnetic fields as they pass overhead. At this stage they are used in conjunction with a controlled mine that can be detonated from the coastal station after the 'swing' has been detected in the circular indicator galvanometer. The loop indicators used with controlled mining are known as 'guard loops'. In July 1917, depth charges have been developed as far as arrangements between 50-200 ft (15-61 m) are possible. This design will remain unchanged until the end of World War II. While dipping hydrophones appeared before the end of the war, the experiment was abandoned.

Amphibious aircraft and airships are also used for submarine patrols. A number of successful attacks, but the main value of air patrols is to move the U-boat to dive, making it almost blind and immobile.

However, the most effective anti-submarine action was the introduction of a controlled convoy, which reduced the loss of ships entering the German War Zone around the British Isles from 25% to less than 1%.

To attack submerged ships, a number of anti-submarine weapons were taken, including sweeps with explosive contacts. The bomb dropped by the aircraft and the charge attack inside is made by ship. Before the introduction of a special depth cost thrower, the cost was manually slid off the stern of the ship. Q-ship, a warship disguised as a merchant, is used to attack U-boats that appear while R1 is the first ASW submarine. The main contribution was the interception of German submarine radio signals and their termination by Room 40 of the Admiralty.

178 of 360 U-boat drown during the war, from various ASW methods:

Mine 58

Depth fill 30

Submarine torpedoes 20

Shot 20

Ramming 19

Unknown 19

Accident 7

Sweep 3

Others (including bombs) 2

Period of warfare

This period saw the development of active sonar (ASDIC) and its integration into a complete weapon system by the British, as well as the introduction of radar. During that period, there was a major advance due to the introduction of electronics to amplify, process, and display signals. In particular, the "range recorder" is a big step that gives the target position memory. Because the propellers of many submarines are very hard in the water (though not so from the surface), various recorders are able to measure the distance from U Boats by sound. This will allow mines or bombs around the area to be detonated. New material for sound projector developed. Both the Royal Navy and the US Navy installed destroyers with active sonar. In 1928, a small companion ship was designed and plans were made to trawl the arms and to mass produce ASDIC. The depth of sound is developed which allows measurement by moving the vessel and the appreciation obtained from the properties of the ocean affecting the sound propagation. Bathythermograph was created in 1937, which was soon installed to the ASW ship.

There have been some great advances in weapons. However, the performance of the torpedo continues to improve.

World War II

Battle of the Atlantic

During the Second World War, submarine threats were revived, threatening the survival of island nations such as Britain and Japan are particularly vulnerable due to their dependence on imports of food, oil, and other important war materials. Despite this vulnerability, little has been done to prepare enough anti-submarine troops or develop appropriate new weapons. The other navies are equally unprepared, though every major navy has a large modern submarine fleet, for all have fallen within the clutches of the Mahanian doctrine holding the guerre de course can not win the war.

At the beginning of the war, most navies have little idea of ​​fighting submarines beyond putting them with sonar and then dropping depth charges on them. Sonar proved to be less effective than expected, and completely useless against submarines operating on the surface, as did U-boats at night. The Royal Navy continues to develop loop indicators between wars but this is a passive form of port defense that relies on the detection of a submarine's magnetic field by the use of long cable lengths on the harbor floor. Indicator loop technology was quickly developed further and used by the US Navy in 1942. At that time there were dozens of loop stations around the world. Sonar is much more effective and technology loops to die immediately after the war.

The use and improvement of radar technology is one of the most important advocates in the war against submarines. Finding a submarine is the first step to being able to defend and destroy them. Throughout the war, Allied radar technology was much better than their German counterparts. Germany U-Boats are struggling to have the right radar detection capabilities and follow successive generation of Allied airborne radar. The first generation of Allied air radar uses a 1.7 meter wavelength and has a limited range. In the second half of 1942 the "Metox" radar detector was used by U Boats to provide warnings from air strikes. In 1943 the Allies began to deploy planes equipped with 10-centimeter-diameter wavelength-wave magnetic radar (ASV III), which was not detected by "Metox", in sufficient quantities to produce good results. Finally the "Naxos" radar detector is derived that can detect 10-cm wavelength radar, but it has very short distances and only gives U-Boat limited time to dive. From 1943 to 1945 a radar-equipped aircraft would cause most Allied allies to kill U-Boats. A joint anti-submarine tactic was developed to defend the convoy (preferred method of the Royal Navy), aggressively hunt for U-boats (the US Navy approach), and to divert a priceless or valuable vessel from known U-boat concentration.

During the Second World War, the Allies developed a large number of new technologies, weapons, and tactics to counter the dangers of submarines. These include:

Vessels

• Allocate ships to convoys at speed, so boats are less exposed.
• Customize the convoy cycle. Using operative research techniques, the analysis of convoy losses during the first three years of war suggests that the overall size of the convoy is less important than the size of its troop. Therefore, the escort can protect several large convoys better than many small ones.
• Large construction programs to mass-produce small battleships needed for convoy defenses, such as corvettes, frigates, and destroyers. This is more economical than using a destroyer, which is required for fleet tasks. The Corvette is small enough to be built in the merchant shipyard and uses a threefold expansion engine. They can be built without the use of a rare turbine engine, reduced tooth and thus do not interfere with the production of larger warships.
• Ships that can carry aircraft, such as CAM ships, carrier carriers, and ultimately carrier carrier destinations.
• Support a group of escort ships that can be sent to strengthen the defense of the convoy being attacked. Free from the obligation to remain with the convoy, support groups can continue to hunt submerged submarines until the batteries and air supply are exhausted and forced to emerge.
• The hunter-hunter group, whose job it is to actively search for enemy submarines, as opposed to waiting for the convoy to be attacked. The group of killer hunters then centered around the escort operator.
• Large construction programs to mass-produce transportation and compensate them, such as the American Liberty Ship. Once the shipyard is upgraded to full efficiency, transportation can be built much faster than Uboats can drown them, playing an important role in the Allies winning the "War Tonnage".

Airplane

• Air strikes on a German U-boat pen in Brest and La Rochelle.
• Long-distance plane patrols to close the Mid-Atlantic gap.
• Escort operator to provide the convoy with air cover, and close the middle gap of the Atlantic.
• High-frequency direction search (HF/DF), including ship's device, to determine enemy submarine location from its radio transmission.
• Introduction of radar by sea that allows the detection of U-boat surfaces.
• Air Radar.
• Leigh's light airborne light, along with air radar to surprise and attack enemy submarines on the surface at night.
• Detection of magnetic anomalies
• Diesel exhaust suction
• Sonobuoys

Weaponry

• The Depth Challenge, the most widely used weapon, was increased during the war. Starting with a 300-pound (140 kg) WW1 antique depth charge, the 600-pound (270-kg) version was developed. The Torpex explosion, which was a 50% stronger explosive than TNT, was introduced in 1943. The Y-gun and K-gun were used to throw a depth load into the side of the companion ship, adding to the charge of rolling from the stern and allowing the companion ship to have a charge pattern of depth
• Development of advanced anti-submarine weapons such as Hedgehog and Squid. This allows a companion ship to keep in touch with the submarine during an attack.
• FIDO (Mk 24 'mine') dropped a torpedo dropped in the air.
• When the German Navy developed an acoustic homo torpedo, torpedo handling such as Foxer's acoustic feed was deployed.

Intelligence

• One of the best kept secrets of allies is to decode enemies including some Enigma Naval German codes (information collected in this way dubbed Ultra) at Bletchley Park in England. This enables tracking of U-boat packages to allow convoy convoys; each time the Germans changed their code (and when they added the fourth rotor to the Enigma machine in 1943), the loss of the convoy increased significantly. At the end of the war, the Allies regularly broke and read the German naval code.
• To prevent the Germans guessing that Enigma had cracked, the British inculcated a fake story about a special infrared camera used to find U Boats. Britain was then pleased to know that Germany responded by developing a special paint for submarines that duplicate the optical properties of seawater.

Tactics

Many different planes of airships to the sea and land-use four-use aircraft. Some of the more successful are Lockheed Ventura, PBY (Catalina or Canso, in English service), Consolidated B-24 Liberator (VLR Liberator, in English service), Short Sunderland, and Vickers Wellington. As more and more patrol aircraft are equipped with radar, the U-Boats start getting shocked at night by the attack aircraft. U-Boats are helpless, because their deck guns are excellent anti-aircraft weapons. They claimed 212 Allied planes were shot down due to a loss of 168 U-boats for air strikes. German naval commandos are struggling to find solutions for aircraft attacks. The 'U-Flak' submarine, equipped with additional anti-aircraft weapons, was tried unsuccessfully. At one point in the war, there were even 'snipers' who needed Uboats to stay on the surface and fight back, with no other choice. Some commanders start charging batteries during the day to get more warnings from air strikes, and may add time to drowning. One solution is a snorkel, which allows the U-boat to remain submerged and still fill the batteries. Snorkel makes U Boats easier to pass and losses plane down. However, a low snorkel speed of 5 to 6 knots (9.3-11.1 km/h; 5.8-6.9 mph) severely limits U-Boats mobility.

Provision of air cover is very important. Germany at that time had used their Focke-Wulf Fw 200 long-range aircraft to attack shipments and provide reconnaissance for U Boats, and most of their confinements took place outside the existing Allied aircraft's existing land range. ; this is dubbed the Mid-Atlantic slit . Initially, the UK developed temporary solutions such as CAM vessels and aircraft carriers. It was replaced by a mass-produced and relatively inexpensive carrier built by the United States and operated by the US Navy and Royal Navy. There is also the introduction of long-distance patrol aircraft. Many U Boats are afraid of the plane, because mere presence often forces them to dive, disrupt their patrols and attack the road.

Americans love the aggressive tactics of hunters by using escort carriers on search and destruction of patrols, while the British prefer to use their escort operators to maintain the convoy directly. The American view is that keeping the convoy does not reduce or contain the number of U Boats, while Britain is plagued by having to fight the Atlantic battles alone for the early part of the war with very limited resources. There is no reserve escort for extensive hunting, and it is only important to neutralize the U-boats found around the convoy. The survival of convoys is very important, and if hunting fails to achieve its goals, strategic interest convoys may be lost. The British side also reasoned that because the submarine was looking for a convoy, the convoy would be a good place to find a submarine.

Once America joins the war, the different tactics are complementary, both of which suppress effectiveness and destroy U Boats. The increase in Allied naval forces allowed both the convoy and hunter-defense groups to be deployed, and this was reflected in the massive increase in U-ship killing at the end of the war. British developments from centimetric and Leigh Light radars, as well as escalating escorts, reached the point of being able to support U-boat hunting near the end of the war, whereas before, the profits must have been on the side of the submarine. Commanders like F. J. "Johnnie" Walker of the Royal Navy were able to develop integrated tactics that made the hunter group's spread as a practical proposition. Walker developed the creeping attack technique, in which one destroyer would track U-boats while others attacked. Often U-boats will turn and increase speed to damage the depth of charge attacks, because the companion will lose sonar contact when the ship is pedaled on a submarine. With a new tactic, a companion ship will attack while others will track the target. Any course or profound change can be forwarded to an attacking destroyer. Once the U-boat is caught, it is very difficult to escape. Since Huntet Hunter groups are not limited to convoy escorts, they can continue the attack until a U-Boat is destroyed or must arise from damage or lack of air.

Recorded sinking of the earliest one submarine by another submarine while both drowned occurred in 1945 when HMS menorpedo U-864 off the coast of Norway. Captain Venturer tracked U-864 on hydrophones for several hours and manually calculated a three-dimensional firing solution before launching four torpedoes.

Mediterranean

Italian and German submarines operate in the Mediterranean on the Poros side while French and British submarines operate on the side of the Allies. The German Navy sent 62 U-Boats to the Mediterranean Sea; all lost in battle or rushed. The first German submarine had to pass through the highly defended Strait of Gibraltar, where 9 drowned, and the same number was so badly damaged that they had to return to the base. The Mediterranean is quieter than the Atlantic, which makes the escape for U-Boats more difficult and is surrounded by Allied air bases. A similar ASW method is used as in the Atlantic but an additional threat is the use by the Italian midget submarine.

Operating under the same clear water conditions in the Mediterranean - in such a way that British submarines were painted dark blue on their upper surfaces to make them less visible from the air when submerged in the periscope depth - the Royal Navy, mostly operating from Malta, lost 41 vessels subs to fight against German and Italian forces, including HMS Upholder and HMS Perseus .

Pacific Theater

Japanese submarines pioneered many innovations, becoming some of the largest and longest ships of their kind and armed with a Type 95 torpedo. However, they ultimately had little impact, especially in the second half of the war. Instead of trading invading like their U-boat counterparts, they follow the Mahanian doctrine, serving in an offensive role against a warship, which is fast, maneuverable and well maintained compared to merchant ships. In the early part of the Pacific War, Japanese submarines scored several tactical wins, including two successful torpedo attacks on the USS USS Wasp , the latter drowning and dispensing as a result of the attack.

After the United States was able to increase the construction of destroyers and destroyers, as well as bring in the highly effective anti-submarine techniques learned from Britain from experience in the Battle of the Atlantic, they would take significant casualties on Japanese submarines, which tend to be slower and can not dive as deep as their German counterparts. Japanese submarines, in particular, never undermine Allied merchant convoys and strategic shipping lanes for whatever level the German U Boats are doing. One of the main advantages of the Allies is the breakup of the Japanese "Purple" code by the US, enabling friendly ships to be diverted from Japanese submarines and allowing Allied submarines to intercept Japanese troops.

In 1942 and early 1943, US submarines pose a small threat to Japanese ships, whether warships or merchant ships. They were initially hampered by a bad torpedo, which often failed to blow an impact, run too deep, or even run wild. Due to the threat of US submarines a little early, Japanese commanders became complacent and consequently did not invest heavily into ASW actions or increase their convoy protection to whatever degree the Allies did in the Atlantic. Often encouraged by the Japanese not putting a high priority on the threat of Allied submarines, US skippers are relatively content and tame compared to their German counterparts, who understand the urgency of "life and death" in the Atlantic.

However, US Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood presses the weaponry department to replace damaged torpedoes; famous when they initially ignored his complaints, he runs his own tests to prove unreliable torpedoes. He also cleansed "dead wood", replacing many skilled or unproductive submarine captains with younger (somewhat) and more aggressive commanders. As a result, in the second half of 1943, the US submarine suddenly drowned Japanese ships at a dramatically higher level, scoring their share of the main warships that killed and accounted for nearly half of the Japanese merchant fleet. The Japanese naval command was caught off guard; Japan has neither technology nor anti-submarine doctrine, nor production capability to withstand tidal warfare atrition, nor does it develop the needed organization (unlike the Allies in the Atlantic).

The Japanese antisubmarine forces consist mainly of their destroyers, with sonar and depth charges. However, Japan's destroyer design, tactics, training, and doctrine emphasize night vision and torpedo shipments (required for fleet operations) rather than anti-submarine tasks. By the time the Japanese finally developed a destroyer, which was more economical and more suited for convoy protection, it was too late; coupled with incompetent doctrines and organizations, it can have little effect in any case. At the end of the war, the Japanese Army and Navy used Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) equipment inside the plane to find submerged submarines. The Japanese army also developed two small aircraft carriers and Ka-1 autogiro planes for use in the role of the antisubmarine war, while the Navy developed and introduced the Kyushu Q1W anti-submarine bomber into service in 1945.

Japan's depth of ground-load attacks by ground forces initially proved unsuccessful against the US submarine's submarines. Unless caught in shallow waters, US submarine commanders can usually escape destruction, sometimes using temperature gradients (thermoclines). In addition, IJN's doctrine emphasizes fleet action, not convoy protection, so the best ships and crew go elsewhere. In addition, during the first part of the war, the Japanese tend to set their depths too superficially, not realizing the US submarine could dive below 150 feet (45m). Unfortunately, this deficiency was revealed in a June 1943 press conference hosted by US Congressman Andrew J. May, and immediately allegations of enemy depth were set to explode as deep as 250 feet (76m). Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, COMSUBPAC , then estimated the May revelation of naval cost as many as ten submarines and 800 crew.

Much later in the war, active and passive sonobuoys were developed for aircraft use, along with MAD devices. Towards the end of the war, the Allies developed better front throwing weapons, such as Mousetrap and Squid, in the face of a much better new German submarine, such as Type XVII and Type XXI.

British and Dutch submarines also operate in the Pacific, especially on coastal shipping.

Post-war

In the immediate postwar period, innovations from late U-boat wars were soon adopted by the main navy. Both the United Kingdom and the United States studied German XXI Types and used information to modify the WW2 fleet vessels, the United States with GUPPY and UK programs with Overseas Patrol Submarine Projects. The Soviets launched a new submarine patterned on Type XXI, Whiskey class and Zulu. The UK also tested hydrogen peroxide fuel at Meteorite , Excalibur , and Explorer , with little success.

To deal with this more capable submarine, a new ASW weapon is essential. The new generation of diesel-powered submarines, such as the previous XXI Type, lacks deck guns and slender hulled towers for larger underwater velocities, as well as larger storage capacity than the comparable WW2 submarine; In addition, they recharge their batteries using a snorkel and can complete the patrol without surfacing. This led to the introduction of longer front throwing weapons, such as Weapon Alpha, Limbo, RBU-6000, and improved torpedoes. Nuclear submarine, even faster, and without the need for a snorkel to recharge the battery, poses a greater threat; in particular, helicopters (recalling World War I air balloons) have emerged as an essential anti-submarine platform. A number of torpedoes carry missiles such as ASROC and Ikara developed, incorporating the ability of the front throw (or long-haul delivery) with a homing torpedo.

Since the introduction of submarines capable of carrying ballistic missiles, great efforts have been made to counter their threats; here, maritime patrol aircraft (as in World War II) and helicopters have a big role. Efficient use of nuclear and hull propulsion has resulted in submarines with high-speed capability and increased maneuverability, and low "degree of dispute" when the submarine is open on the surface. This requires a good change on the sensors and weapons used for ASW. Because nuclear submarines are noisy, there is an emphasis on passive sonar detection. Torpedo became the main weapon (although nuclear depth charge developed). The mine continues to be an important ASW weapon.

In some ocean regions, where the soil forms a natural barrier, long sonobuoy strands, deployed from surface ships or dropped from planes, can monitor sea lanes for extended periods of time. The hydrophones mounted below can also be used, with land-based processing. A system such as SOSUS is deployed by the US in the GIUK gap and other important strategic places.

ASW air forces develop better bombs and depth costs, while for ships and submarines a variety of retractable sonar devices are developed to address ship mounting problems. Helicopters can fly programs offset from ships and send sonar information to their combat information center. They can also drop sonobuoys and launch homing torpedoes into positions many miles away from ships that actually oversee enemy submarines. Drown submarines are generally blind to the action of a patrol plane until using active sonar or firing weapons, and the speed of the plane allows it to maintain a quick search pattern around suspected contacts.

Increasingly anti-submarine submarines, called attack submarines or hunters, are capable of destroying, especially, ballistic missile submarines. Initially this was a very quiet diesel powered booster but they were more likely to become nuclear powered lately. This development is strongly influenced by the duel between HMS Venturer and U-864 .

The most important detecting tool that continues to be used is Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD), a passive device. First used in World War II, MAD uses Earth's magnetosphere as a standard, detecting anomalies caused by large metal vessels, such as submarines. Modern MAD arrays are usually contained in long-tailed booms (fixed wing aircraft) or aerodynamic housing carried on crane trails that can be deployable (helicopters). Keep the sensors away from aircraft engines and avionics help eliminate interference from the carrier platform.

At one time, dependence was placed on an electronic warfare detection device that exploited the need for a submarine to conduct radar raids and send responses to a radio message from the home port. As frequency control and direction search became more sophisticated, the device enjoyed some success. However, submarine crews soon learned not to rely on the transmitter in dangerous waters. The home base can then use very low frequency radio signals, capable of penetrating the ocean surface, to reach submarines wherever they are.

Maps Anti-submarine warfare

Modern battles

Military submarines are still a threat, so ASW remains the key to obtaining marine control. Neutralizing SSBN has been a key driver and it still exists. However, non-nuclear submarines are becoming increasingly important. Although diesel-electric submarines continue to dominate in numbers, some alternative technologies now exist to improve the durability of smaller submarines. Earlier emphasis was on deep water operations, but these are now turning to coastal operations where ASW is generally more difficult.

Technology anti-submarine

There are a large number of technologies used in modern anti-submarine warfare:

Sensors

• Acoustics, especially in active, passive, sonobuoys, sonaruoys and fixed hydrophonic help in detecting the radiated sound. Sonar can be installed in the keel or in a row of rows.
• Pyrotechnics in the use of markers, flares, and explosives
• Spotlight
• Radar, for the part that appears
• Hydrodynamic wave detection (wake)
• Detection of lasers and various ship surfaces; air and satellite
• Electronic countermeasures and acoustic counters such as noise and bubble makers
• Passive acoustic actions such as concealment and sound absorbing material design to coat that reflect the undersea surface
• Detection of magnetic anomalies (MAD)
• Infra-red passive detection is active and (more common) from the surface.

In modern times forward looking infrared (FLIR) detectors have been used to track large clumps of heat that nuclear-powered submarines leave temporarily up to the surface. FLIR devices are also used to view periscopes or snorkels at night whenever the submarine may not be alert enough to investigate the surface.

The active sonar used in this kind of operation is often "mid-frequency", roughly 3.5 kHz. Due to the submarine's calm, resulting in a shorter passive detection range, there is an active low-frequency interest for marine surveillance. However, there have been protests about the use of high-power active sonar and low frequency because of its effect on whales. Others argue that some high power level LFA (Low Frequency On) sonar is actually detrimental to sonar performance in sonar like limited echoes.

Weapon

• nuclear bomb B57
• Naval Mines
• Torpedoes (acoustic or wake crawl, guided by wire)
• Allegation of depth
• Rocket
• Mk 101 Lulu
• Anti-submarine missile
• Submarine mortar
• Anti-sea nets
• Nuclear depth bomb
• Swiggle
• WE.177

Platform

Satellites have been used to describe sea level using optical and radar techniques. Fixed wing aircraft, such as P-3 Orion & amp; The Tu-142 provides both weapon and weapon platforms similar to some helicopters like the SH-60 Seahawk, with sonobuoys and/or dipping sonar as well as an air torpedo. In other cases, helicopters are used solely for sensing and sending torpedo rockets used as weapons. Surface ships continue to be the main ASW platform because of their durability, now have a row of towed sonar. The submarine is the main ASW platform because of its ability to change its depth and calmness, which helps detection.

In early 2010, DARPA began funding the ACTUV program to develop semi autonomous unmanned naval ships.

Source of the article : Wikipedia