Illinois

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Illinois ( Ã, ( listen ) IL -ih- NOY ) is a country in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is the sixth most populous US state and the 25th largest state in terms of land area, and is often noted as a microcosm throughout the United States. With Chicago in the northeast, a small industrial city and large agricultural productivity in northern and central Illinois, and natural resources such as coal, wood, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base, and is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the country to other global ports around the world from the Great Lakes, through Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, through the Illinois Waterway on the Illinois River. The Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Wabash River form part of the boundaries of Illinois. For decades, Chicago O'Hare International Airport has been classified as one of the busiest airports in the world. Illinois has long had a reputation as a determinant both socially and culturally and politically.

The capital of Illinois is Springfield in central Illinois. Although at present, the largest population center in the state is in and around Chicago in the northeastern part of the state, the country's population of Europe grew first in the west, with the French settling along the Mississippi River, giving it a name > Illinois. Country. After the American Revolutionary War established the United States, American settlers began to arrive from Kentucky in 1780 through the Ohio River, and the population grew from south to north. In 1818, Illinois reached statehood. After the construction of the Erie Canal boosted traffic and trade through the Great Lakes, Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, in one of several natural harbors in southern Lake Michigan. John Deere's discovery of a sweeping steel rover transformed the rich meadows of Illinois into some of the world's most productive and valuable farms, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. The Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848) made transportation between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River valley faster and cheaper. New trains bring immigrants to new homes, as well as being used to send plant commodities to the Eastern market. The country becomes a transportation hub for the nation.

In 1900, industrial employment growth in northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern regions drew immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration from the South formed a large African-American community in the state, including Chicago, which created the city's famous jazz and blues culture. Chicago, the center of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, became a global alpha level city.

Three US presidents have been elected while living in Illinois: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama. In addition, Ronald Reagan, whose political career is based in California, and Hillary Clinton, the first female candidate of the big party in elections, were born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with the official slogan of his country, Lincoln Land, which has been featured on his license plate since 1954. This state is where Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum, located in the state capital of Springfield.

Video Illinois

Etymology

"Illinois" is a modern spelling for early Catholic missionaries and a name for Illinois native Americans, a name spelled out in many different ways in the original record.

American scholars previously thought the name "Illinois" meant "man" or "man" in the Miami-Illinois language, in its original language was changed to French. This etymology is not supported by the language of Illinois, because the word for "man" is ireniwa , and the plural of "man" is ireniwaki . The name Illiniwek has also been said to mean "superior male tribe", which is a false etymology. The name "Illinois" comes from the verb Miami-Illinois irenweÃ, Â · wa - "he speaks the usual way". This was brought into Ojibwe's language, probably in the Ottawa dialect, and modified to ilinweÃ, Â · (defined as ilinweÃ, Â · k ). France borrowed this form, changed/we/ending to spell it as -ois , transliteration for its pronunciation in French at that time. The current spelling form, Illinois , began to appear in the early 1670s, when French colonists settled in the western region. The Illinois name for themselves, as evidenced in all three French mission-period dictionaries from Illinois, is Inoka , from unknown meaning and unrelated to other terms.

Maps Illinois

History

Pre-Europe

American Indians of successive cultures lived along rivers in the Illinois region for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The Koster site has been unearthed and shows 7,000 years of sustained residence. Cahokia, the largest regional and urban center of the Mississippian Pre-Columbian culture, is located near Collinsville, Illinois today. They build an urban complex with over 100 platforms and burial mounds, a 50 acre (20 hectares) plaza larger than 35 soccer fields, and holy cedar woods, all in a well-planned design that expresses cultural cosmology. Monks Mound, site center, is the largest Pre-Columbian structure in the northern Valley of Mexico. Height is 100 feet (30 m) long, 951 feet (290 m) long, 836 feet wide (255 m) wide, and covers 13.8 hectares (5.6 ha). It contains about 814,000 cubic meters (622,000 m ³ ) earth. It was terminated by a thinking structure to measure approximately 105 feet (32 m) long and 48 feet (15 m) in width, covering an area of ​​5,000 square feet (460 m ² ), and was as high as 50 feet (15 m ) high, making the peak 150 feet (46 m) above the plaza level. The ornaments and equipment beautifully made by archaeologists at Cahokia include intricate ceramics, beautiful stone carvings, copper sheets and carefully carved and carved mica, and a cemetery blanket for an important head of 20,000 shell beads. These artifacts show that Cahokia is really an urban center, with housing, markets, and specialists fragmented in tools, hiding clothes, making pots, making jewelry, carving shells, weaving and making salt. Civilization disappeared in the 15th century for unknown reasons, but historians and archaeologists have speculated that people are depleting resources. Many indigenous tribes engage in constant warfare. According to Suzanne Austin Alchon, "In one place in the central Illinois River valley, one-third of all adults die from severe injuries." The next major force in the area is the Illinois Confederation or Illini, a political alliance. As Illini declined during the Beaver War era, Potatomi-speaking members of the Algonquian, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes included Fox (Mesquakie), Ioway, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Piankashaw, Shawnee, Wea, and Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) came to the area from the east and north around the Great Lakes.

European exploration and settlement before 1800

French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Illinois River in 1673. Marquette soon after setting up a mission at the Grand Village of Illinois at Illinois Country. In 1680, the French explorer under Renà © à © -Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti built a fortress at the site of Peoria today, and in 1682, a fortress over Starved Rock in Starved Rock State Park today. The French Canadiens came south to settle along the Mississippi River, and Illinois was part of the first New France, and then from La Louisiane until 1763, when it was forwarded to England with their defeat of France in the Seven Years War. French small settlements continue, although many French people migrate west to Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, Missouri, to avoid British rule.

Some British troops were stationed in Illinois, but some British or American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then parts of the British Province of Quebec. In 1778, George Rogers Clark claimed Illinois County for Virginia. In a compromise, Virginia surrendered the area to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the Northwest Territory, to be administered by the federal government and subsequently organized as a state. Connecticut handed Northern Illinois in 1786 (see Connecticut Western Reserve).

19th century

Before becoming a state

The Illinois-Wabash company was the early prosecutor in much of Illinois. The Territory of Illinois was formed on 3 February 1809, with its capital at Kaskaskia, the earliest French settlement.

During discussions leading to Illinois's recognition to the Union, the proposed northern border was moved twice. The original provisions of the Northwest Ordinance have set boundaries that will intersect with the southern end of Lake Michigan. Such a boundary would leave Illinois without a coastline on Lake Michigan altogether. However, since Indiana was successfully awarded a 10-mile north extension of its borders to provide it with a usable lake, the original bill for the state of Illinois, submitted to Congress on January 23, 1818, set the northern boundary at the same latitude as Indiana, defined as 10 miles (16 km) north of the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan. But the Illinois delegation, Nathaniel Pope, wants more. The pope lobbied for the boundary to move further north, and the final bill passed by Congress did so; including amendments to shift the border to 42 Â ° 30 'north, which is approximately 51 miles (82 km) north of the northern border of Indiana. The shift adds 8,500 square miles (22,000 km ² ) to the state, including the tin mining area near Galena. More importantly, it adds nearly 50 miles of the shoreline of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River. The Pope and others imagined a canal that would connect the Chicago and Illinois rivers, and thus, connect the Great Lakes to Mississippi.

State of Illinois before the Civil War

In 1818, Illinois became the US 21st state. Its capital remains in Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state. In 1819, Vandalia became the capital, and for the next 18 years, three separate buildings were built to serve in succession as the building of the Parliament building. In 1837, state lawmakers representing the District of Sangamon, under the leadership of the country's representative Abraham Lincoln, succeeded in moving the capital to Springfield, where a fifth DPR building was built. A sixth Building of the House of Representatives was founded in 1867, which continues to function as the Illinois House of Representatives today.

Although it is as if "an independent state", there is slavery in Illinois. Ethnic French have had black slaves since the 1720s, and the American settlers have brought slaves to the area from Kentucky. Slavery is nominally prohibited by the Northwest Ordinance, but it is not applicable to those who already have slaves. When Illinois became a sovereign state in 1818, the Ordinance ceased to exist, and about 900 slaves were detained in the state. As the southern part of the state, later known as "Egypt" or "Little Egypt", mostly populated by migrants from the South, it was hostile to free blacks. Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them to work, but, in 1822, citizens voted against making legal slavery. However, the majority of the population is opposed to allowing free blacks as permanent residents. Some settlers take slaves on a seasonal basis or as housemaids. The Illinois Constitution of 1848 is written with the provisions of exclusive laws that must be passed. In 1853, John A. Logan helped pass a law to ban all African-Americans, including free men, from living in the state.

In 1832, the Black Hawk War fought in Illinois and Wisconsin today between the United States and Sauk, Fox (Meskwaki), and the Kickapoo Indians. This is the end of Indian resistance to white settlements in the Chicago area. The Indians were forced to leave their homes and move to Iowa in 1831; when they tried to return, they were attacked and ultimately defeated by US militia. The victims were forced to return to Iowa.

The winter of 1830-1831 is called "Winter of the Deep Snow"; all of a sudden, snowfall enveloped the country, making travel impossible for the rest of winter, and many travelers were destroyed. Some severe winters have occurred, including "Sudden Freezing Winter". On December 20, 1836, a cold front that moved quickly past, freezing inundation in minutes and killing many tourists who could not reach shelter. Bad weather resulted in crop failure in the northern part of the country. The southern part of the country sends food to the north, and this may have contributed to its name: "Little Egypt", after the biblical account of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers.

In 1839, Latter-day Saints had established a utopian city called Nauvoo. Located in Hancock County along the Mississippi River, Nauvoo flourished, and soon rivaled Chicago for the state's largest city. But in 1844, founder of the Latter-day Saint Joseph Smith movement was killed in Carthage Prison, about 30 miles away from Nauvoo. Following the succession crisis (Latter-day Saints), Brigham Young leads most Latter-day Saints from Illinois in the current mass exodus to Utah; after nearly six years of rapid growth, Nauvoo quickly declined thereafter.

Chicago became famous as a port of Great Lakes, and then as a port of Illinois and Michigan Canal after 1848, and as a train center soon afterwards. In 1857, Chicago was the largest city in Illinois. With the remarkable growth of mines and factories in the state in the 19th century, Illinois was the basis for union formation in the United States.

In 1847, after being lobbyed by Dorothea L. Dix, Illinois became one of the first states to establish a state-supported treatment system for mental illness and disability, replacing local almshouses. Dix came to this effort after meeting J.O. King, a businessman from Jacksonville, Illinois, who invited him to Illinois, where he worked to build asylum for crazy people. With Dix's lobbying expertise, plans for the State Hospital of Jacksonville (now known as the Jacksonville Development Center) were signed into law on March 1, 1847.

Civil War and after

During the American Civil War, Illinois was ranked fourth in men serving (over 250,000) in the Union Army, a figure surpassed only by New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Starting with the first call of President Abraham Lincoln to the troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois collected 150 infantry regiments, numbered from the 7th regiment until the 156th regiment. Seventeen cavalry regiments also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments. The city of Cairo, at the southern tip of the state at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, serves as an important supply center and training center for Union troops. For several months, both General Grant and Admiral Foote were based in Cairo.

During the Civil War, and more after that, the Chicago population skyrocketed, increasing its lead. Pullman Strike and Haymarket Riot, in particular, greatly influenced the development of the American labor movement. From Sunday, October 8, 1871, to Tuesday, October 10, 1871, the Great Chicago Fire was burned down in downtown Chicago, destroying 4 square miles (10 km ² ).

20th century

At the turn of the 20th century, Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million. Many people from other parts of the country are attracted to the country with jobs caused by an industry base that is growing. Whites are 98% of the country's population. Supported by continued immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and by the Great African-American Migration of the South, Illinois grew and emerged as one of the most important countries in the union. By the end of the century, the population had reached 12.4 million.

The Century of Progress World Fair was held in Chicago in 1933. The oil strikes in Marion County and Crawford County caused an explosion in 1937, and in 1939, Illinois was ranked fourth in US oil production. Illinois produced 6.1 percent of the total US military arsenal produced during World War II, ranked seventh among 48 states. Chicago became a seaport with the opening of Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959. Seaway and Illinois Waterway connect Chicago to the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1960, Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines (which still exists as a museum, with McDonald's working across the street).

Illinois has an important role in the emergence of the nuclear era. In 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, the University of Chicago reacted to the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. In 1957, Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activated the first experimental nuclear power plant system in the United States. In 1960, the first private nuclear plant in the United States, Dresden 1, was dedicated near Morris. In 1967, Fermilab, a national nuclear research facility near Batavia, opened a particle accelerator, which is the largest in the world for over 40 years. With eleven factories currently in operation, Illinois leads all states in the amount of electricity generated from nuclear power.

In 1961, Illinois became the first state in the country to adopt a recommendation from the American Law Institute and issued a revised comprehensive criminal code that repealed the law against sodomy. This code also abrogates common law crimes and sets the age of approval of 18. The four countries' constitutions were adopted in 1970, superseding 1870 documents.

The first aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit Americans, in 1985. The Mississippi River Flood over the worst of the century, the Great Flood of 1993, flooded many cities and thousands of hectares of farmland.

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Geography

Illinois is located in the Midwest Region of the United States and is one of Canada's eight states and provinces in Canada in the Great North American bi-national lake.

Boundary

The eastern boundary of Illinois with Indiana consists of a north-south line at 87 Â ° 31? 30? longitude west on Lake Michigan in the north, to the Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes. The Wabash River continues as east/southeast border with Indiana until Wabash enters the Ohio River. This marks the beginning of Illinois's southern border with Kentucky, which runs along the northern coastline of the Ohio River. Most of the western border with Missouri and Iowa is the Mississippi River; Kaskaskia is an Illinois exclave, located west of Mississippi and only accessible from Missouri. The northern border of the state with Wisconsin is set at 42 Â ° 30 'north latitude. The northeastern border of Illinois is located on Lake Michigan, where Illinois shares water boundaries with the states of Michigan, as well as Wisconsin and Indiana.

Topography

Although Illinois is fully located in the Interior Plains, it does have a slight variation in its elevation. In extreme northwest Illinois, the Driftless Region, an area lacking soil layers and therefore higher topography and more rugged, occupies a small part of the country.

Charles Mound, located in the region, has the highest altitude of the country above sea level at 1,235 feet (376 m). Other highlands include the Shawnee Hills to the south, and there are various topographies along the river; The Illinois River divides the two northeastern states to the southwest. The floodplain on the Mississippi River from Alton to the River Kaskaskia is known as the American Bottom.

Division

Illinois has three major geographic divisions. Northern Illinois is dominated by Chicagoland, which is the city of Chicago and its suburbs, and the adjacent exurban area where the metropolitan city flourished. As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes several districts in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, and has a population of more than 9.8 million people. Chicago itself is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrial, and a nation's transportation hub, and is inhabited by various ethnic groups. The city of Rockford, Illinois's third largest city and the center of the nation's fourth largest metropolitan area, lies along Interstate 39 and 90 about 75 miles (121 km) northwest of Chicago. The Quad Cities area, located along the Mississippi River in northern Illinois, has a population of 381,342 in 2011.

The central part of Illinois is the second major division, called Central Illinois. This is an area especially the meadow and is known as the Heart of Illinois. It is characterized by small towns and small and medium-sized cities. The western part (west of the River Illinois) was originally part of the Military Tract of 1812 and formed a striking western outcrop of the state. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, is particularly prevalent in Central Illinois. Cities include Peoria; Springfield, the state capital; Quincy; Decatur; Bloomington-Normal; and Champaign-Urbana.

The third division is Southern Illinois, which comprises the 50 US Routes south area, including Little Egypt, near the junction of the Mississippi River and the Ohio River. Southern Illinois is the site of the ancient city of Cahokia, as well as the site of the first state capital in Kaskaskia, which is currently separated from other states by the Mississippi River. This region has a rather warm winter climate, a variety of different plants (including some cotton farms in the past), rougher topography (since the remaining areas are not chalky during the Illinoian Stage, unlike most other states), as well small-scale oil deposits and coal mining. Illinois suburb of St. Louis Louis, like East St. Louis, located in this region, and collectively, they are known as Metro-East. Other significant population concentrations in Southern Illinois are Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, the Illinois Combined Statistical Area, based in Carbondale and Marion, a county-dominated area of ​​123,272 inhabitants. Most of southeastern Illinois is part of Evansville, Indiana, Metro Area, locally referred to as State of Tri with Indiana and Kentucky. Seven Illinois regions are in the area.

In addition to the third, most divisions are defined in latitudinal terms, all areas outside the Chicago Metropolitan area are often called "downstate" Illinois. The term is flexible, but is generally meant to mean everything outside the Chicago area. Thus, some cities in Illinois Northern, such as DeKalb, located west of Chicago, and Rockford - which is actually north of Chicago - are considered "downstate".

Climate

Illinois has a highly variable climate throughout the year. Because of its nearly 400-mile distance between the northernmost and southernmost ends, as well as the mid-continental situation, most of Illinois has a humid continental climate (Climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ), with hot and humid summer heat cold winter. The southern part of the state, from around Carbondale to the south, has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa ), with more moderate winters. The average annual rainfall for Illinois varies from just over 48 inches (1,219 mm) at the southern end to about 35 inches (889 mm) in the northern part of the state. The normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 inches (965 mm) in the Chicago area, while the southern part of the country typically receives less than 14 inches (356 mm). The all-time high temperature is 117Ã, ° F (47Ã,  ° C), recorded on July 14, 1954, at East St. Louis, while the low temperature at all times was -36Ã,  ° F (-38Ã,  ° C), recorded on January 5, 1999, in Congerville. Temperature -37Ã,  ° F (-39Ã,  ° C), recorded on January 15, 2009, in Rochelle.

Illinois averages about 51 days of lightning storm activity a year, which ranks somewhat above average in the number of lightning storm days for the United States. Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes with an average of 35 occurring each year, which puts many countries around five tornadoes per 10,000 square miles (30,000 km ² ) each year. While tornadoes are no stronger in Illinois than other states, some deadly Tornado Alley tornadoes have occurred in the state. The Tri-State Tornado of 1925 killed 695 people in three states; 613 victims died in Illinois. Other significant high-profile tornadoes include 1896 St. Louis - St. East. Louis tornado, which killed 111 people in East St Louis and a May 1917 tornado that killed 101 people in Charleston and Mattoon. Modern developments in forecasting storms and tracking have caused the death toll of the tornado to decline dramatically, with the 1919 Belvidere - Oak Lawn tornado outbreak (58 fatalities) and the 1990 Plainfield tornado (29 deaths) standing out as exceptions. On November 17, 2013, the EF4 tornado touched and tore Washington, Illinois. There were three fatalities.

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Demographics

The US Census Bureau estimates that the Illinois population is 12,802,023 by 2017, moving from the fifth largest country to the sixth largest country (losing to Pennsylvania). The Illinois population declined by 33,700 from July 2016 to July 2017, making it the worst decline of any country in the US in crude terms. Illinois is the most populous country in the Midwest. Chicago, the third most populous city in the United States, is the center of Chicago's metropolitan area. Chicagoland , as this area is known locally, comprises only 8% of the country's land area, but contains 65% of the state's population.

According to the 2010 Census, the country's race composition is:

• 71.5% White Americans (63.7% non-Hispanic whites, 7.8% Hispanic White)
• 14.5% Black or African American
• 0.3% American Indians and Alaskan Native
• 4.6% Asian Americans
• 2.3% American Multiracial
• 6.8% some other races

In the same year 15.8% of the total population is of Hispanic or Latino descent (they may be any race).

The most populous ethnic group in the country, non-Hispanic whites, has declined from 83.5% in 1970 to 63.3% in 2011. In 2011, 49.4% of Illinois's population was younger than age 1 was minority (Note: Children born from white Hispanics are counted as minority groups).

In the 2007 estimate of the US Census Bureau, there were 1,768,518 residents of foreign-born countries or 13.8% of the population, with 48.4% of Latin America, 24.6% of Asia, 22.8% of Europe, 2.9 % of Africa, 1.2% of North America, and 0.2% of Oceania. Of the population born overseas, 43.7% were naturalized US citizens, and 56.3% were not US citizens. In 2007, 6.9% of the Illinois population was reported to be under the age of 5, 24.9% under the age of 18 and 12.1% aged 65 and older. Females comprise about 50.7% of the population.

According to 2007 estimates, 21.1% of the population has a German ancestry, 13.3% have an Irish ancestor, 8% have an English ancestor, 7.9% have a Polish ancestry, 6.4% have an Italian ancestor, 4.6% they as Americans, 2.4% have an ancestral Swedish, 2.2% have a French ancestor, in addition to Basque, 1.6% have a Dutch ancestor, and 1.4% have a Norwegian ancestor. Illinois also has a large number of African and Latino Americans (mostly Mexicans and Puerto Ricans).

Chicago, along the shores of Lake Michigan, is the third largest city in the country. In 2000, 23.3% of Illinois residents lived in Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County, and 65.6% in the Chicago metropolitan area: Will, DuPage, Kane, Lake, and McHenry County, and Cook County. The remaining population lives in small towns and rural areas stretching across the state plains. In 2000, the state population center is located on 41.278216 Â ° N Â ° 88.380238 Â ° W / 41.278216; -88.380238 , located in Grundy County, northeast of Mazon village.

Birth data

Note: The births in the table do not increase, as Hispanics are well-counted by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall score.

• Since 2016, birth data of Hispanic White origin are not collected, but belong to one group; people from Hispanics may come from any race.

Urban area

Chicago is the largest city in the state and the third most populous city in the United States, with a 2010 population of 2,695,598. The US Census Bureau currently lists seven other cities with a population of over 100,000 in Illinois. Based on the official population of the Census Bureau 2010: Aurora, the satellite city of Chicago that defeated Rockford for the second most populous city title in Illinois; The population of 2010 is 197,899. Rockford, at 152,871, is the third largest city in the state, and is the largest city in the state not located on the outskirts of Chicago. Joliet, located in metropolitan Chicago, is the fourth largest city in the state, with a population of 147,433. Naperville, Chicago suburb, fifth with 141,853. Naperville and Aurora share the border along the Illinois Route 59. Springfield, the state capital, is sixth with the largest population of 117,352 inhabitants. Peoria, which decades ago was the second most populous city in the state, seventh with 115,007. The largest and last eighth city in the 100,000 club is Elgin, a northwestern suburb of Chicago, with a 2010 population of 108,188.

The most populous city in the southern state of Springfield is Belleville, with 44,478 people at the 2010 census. It is located in the Illinois section of Greater St. Louis (often called the Metro-East area), which has a rapidly growing population of over 700,000 people.

Other large urban areas include the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area, which has a combined population of nearly 230,000 people, the Illinois section of the Quad Cities region with about 215,000 people, and the Bloomington-Normal area with a combined population of over 165,000.

Big cities and towns

Language

Illinois's official language is English, although between 1923 and 1969, state law grants official status to "American language". Nearly 80% of people in Illinois speak English natively, and most of the rest speak fluently as a second language. A number of American English dialects are spoken, from Inland Northern American English and African-American English around Chicago, to Midland American English in Central Illinois, to Southern American English at the southern end.

Over 20% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, where Spain is by far the most knowledgeable, in more than 12% of the total population. A large number of Polish speakers are present in the Chicago Metropolitan Area.

Religion

Christianity

Roman Catholicism is the largest religious denomination in Illinois; they are highly concentrated in and around Chicago, and account for nearly 30% of the country's population. However, taken together as a group, Protestant denominations consist of a greater percentage of the country's population than do Catholics. In 2010 Catholics in Illinois numbered 3,648,907. The largest Protestant denominations are United Methodist Church with 314,461, and Southern Baptist Convention, with 283,519 members. Illinois has one of the largest concentrations of Synod Lutherans in the United States.

Interests in Latter-day Saint Movement

Illinois played an important role in the early Latter-day Saint movement, with Nauvoo, Illinois, becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early 1840s. Nauvoo is the site of the succession crisis, which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into multiple streams of Latter-day Saints. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest of the sects emerging from the Mormon split, has more than 55,000 followers in Illinois today.

Other religions

Chicago is also home to a huge population of Hindus, Muslims, Baha'is and Buddhists. Muslims are the largest non-Christian group, with 359,264 followers. Illinois has the largest Muslim concentration by the country in the country, with 2,800 Muslims per 100,000 citizens. The largest and oldest survivor of the world's BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' House of Worship is located in Wilmette, Illinois, and the oldest standing mosque in the US is the Al-Shadiq Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, located in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. The Chicago area has a huge Jewish community, especially on the outskirts of Skokie and Morton Grove. The current mayor of Chicago, Rahm Emanuel was the first Windy City Jewish mayor.

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Economy

The gross country product of the dollar for Illinois is estimated to be US $ 796 billion by 2016. The per capita GNP of 2010 is estimated at <$ 45.302 , and per capita income is estimated US $ 41,411 in 2009.

As of May 2017, the country's unemployment rate was 4.6%.

Tax

The Illinois state income tax is calculated by multiplying net income at a flat rate. In 1990, that figure was set at 3%, but in 2010, the General Assembly voted in a temporary increase in rates of up to 5%; the new tariff shall enter into force on 1 January 2011; the level of personal income was partially set at 1 January 2015 to 3.75%, while corporate income tax fell to 5.25%. There are two tariffs for state sales tax: 6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for eligible foods, medicines and medical equipment. Property tax is the main source of tax revenue for local government tax districts. Property taxes are local taxes - not state - taxes, imposed by the district government tax districts, which include districts, municipalities, municipalities, school districts, and special taxation districts. Property taxes in Illinois are only imposed on real property.

Agriculture

Illinois's main agricultural output is corn, soybeans, pork, beef, dairy products, and wheat. In most years, Illinois was the first or second country for the highest soybean production, with 427.7 million bushels (11.64 million metric tons) in 2008, after Iowa production of 444.82 million bushels (12.11 million metric tons). Illinois ranks second in US corn production with more than 1.5 billion bushels produced each year. With a production capacity of 1.5 billion gallons per year, Illinois is the top producer of ethanol, ranked third in the United States in 2011. Illinois is a leader in food manufacturing and meat processing. Although Chicago may no longer be the "Hog Butcher for the World", the Chicago area remains a global hub for food and meat processing, with many factories, processing houses and distribution facilities concentrated in the area of ​​the former Stock Stock Union. Illinois also produces wine, and the state is home to two American regions. In the area of ​​The Meeting of Great Rivers Scenic Byway, peaches and apples grow. The German immigrants from agricultural background who settled in Illinois in the mid to late 19th century were partly responsible for the many orchards in the Illinois area. The University of Illinois is actively researching alternative agricultural products as alternative crops.

Manufacturing

Illinois was one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, who boasted annual value-added productivity by producing more than $ 107 billion in 2006. In 2011, Illinois ranked fourth as the country's most productive manufacturing country behind California, Texas, and Ohio. About three quarters of the country's producers are located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent of Illinois around 18,900 factories located in Cook County. In 2006, Illinois's leading manufacturing industry, by value added, was manufacturing chemicals ($ 18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($ 13.4 billion), food manufacturing ($ 12.9 billion), metal fabrication products ($ 11 , 5 billion), transportation equipment ($ 7.4 billion), plastics and rubber products ($ 7.0 billion), and computers and electronic products ($ 6.1 billion).

Services

In the early 2000s, Illinois's economy has moved toward dependence on high value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services clustered around agencies that listened back to the previous economy in Illinois. For example, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the trade exchange for global derivatives, has started its life as an agricultural futures market. Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.

Investment

Venture capitalists fund a total of about $ 62 billion in the US economy in 2016. Of this number, Illinois-based companies receive about $ 1.1 billion. Similarly, in FY 2016, the US federal government spent $ 461 billion on contracts in the US. Of this amount, the Illinois-based company receives about $ 8.7 billion.

Energy

Illinois is a net fuel importer for energy, despite large coal resources and some small oil production. Illinois exports electricity, ranked fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.

Coal

The Illinois coal industry began in the mid-19th century, when entrepreneurs like Jacob Loose found coal in locations like Sangamon County. Jacob Bunn contributes to the development of the Illinois coal industry, and is the founder and owner of Western Coal & amp; Illinois Mining Company. About 68% of Illinois has coal seams from the Pennsylvania geological period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tonnes of bituminous coal is thought to be below the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil reserves in the Arabian Peninsula. However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain, unless special equipment is used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Many Illinois power plants are not equipped to burn high sulfur coals. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tonnes of coal, but only 17 million tonnes (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other countries and countries. In 2008, Illinois exported 3 million tons of coal, and is projected to export 9 million tons in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places like China, India and elsewhere in Asia and Europe. In 2010, Illinois ranks third in recoverable coal reserves to produce mines in the country. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other countries, while most of the coal burned for electricity in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.

Mattoon was recently selected as a site for the Department of Energy's FutureGen project, a 275 megawatt zero-burning zero-burning steam power plant that only provides second round funding. In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon withdrew from the project.

Petroleum

Illinois is a leading petroleum purifier in the Midwest of America, with a combined crude oil refining capacity of nearly 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m ³ /d). However, Illinois has a very limited proven reserves of crude oil accounting for less than 1% of proven US crude reserves. Residential heating is 81% natural gas compared with heating oil of less than 1%. Illinois is ranked 14th in the state-of-the-art oil production, with a daily output of about 28,000 barrels (4,500 m ³ ) in 2005.

Nuclear power

Nuclear power can be started in Illinois with Chicago Pile-1, the first homemade nuclear chain reaction at the world's first nuclear reactor, built on the University of Chicago campus. There are six nuclear power plants operating in Illinois: Braidwood, Byron, Clinton, Dresden, LaSalle, and Quad Cities. With the exception of the single-unit Clinton plant, each of these facilities has two reactors. Three reactors have been permanently closed and in various stages of decommissioning: Dresden-1 and Sion-1 and 2. Illinois ranked first in the country in 2010 in both nuclear and nuclear power capacity. Generations of nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total. In 2007, 48% of Illinois electricity was generated using nuclear power. Operation Morris is the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States.

Wind power

Illinois has seen an increasing interest in the use of wind power for power generation. Most of Illinois was rated in 2009 as "marginal or fair" for wind energy production by the US Department of Energy, with some western sections rated "good" and the south rated "poor". This rating is for wind turbines with a height of 50 meters (160 feet) hub; Newer wind turbines are higher, allowing them to reach stronger winds from the ground. As a result, more Illinois area has become a prospective wind farm site. As of September 2009, Illinois has 1116.06 MW installed installed wind power capacity of 741.9 MW under construction. Illinois ranked ninth among US states in installed wind power capacity, and sixteenth with potential capacity. The major wind farms in Illinois include Twin Groves, Rail Splitter, EcoGrove, and Mendota Hills.

In 2007, wind energy represents only 1.7% of Illinois's energy production, and it is estimated that wind power can provide 5-10% of the country's energy needs. Also, the Illinois General Assembly mandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity generated in Illinois comes from renewable resources.

Biofuels

Illinois ranks second in maize production in the US state, and Illinois maize is used to produce 40% of ethanol consumed in the United States. The Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur, Illinois, is the world's leading ethanol producer of corn.

The National Center for Maize-Ethanol Research (NCERC), the only facility in the world dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is one of the partners at the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $ 500 million biofuel research project funded by the oil giant BP.

src: www.landmarks.org

Culture

Museum

Illinois has many museums; the biggest concentration of these is in Chicago. Some museums in Chicago are classified as the best in the world. These include John G. Shedd Aquarium, Field Nature History Museum, Chicago Art Institute, Adler Planetarium, and Museum of Science and Industry.

The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country. The Illinois State Museum offers a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois's life, land, people, and art. ISM is among only 5% of national museums accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Other historical museums in the state include the Polish American Museum in Chicago; Magnolia Manor in Cairo; Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava; Elihu Benjamin Washburne; Ulysses S. Grant Homes, both in Galena; and Chanute Air Museum, located at the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul.

The Chicago metropolitan area also has two zoos: the enormous Brookfield Zoo, located about 10 miles west of downtown on the outskirts of Brookfield, containing over 2,300 animals and covering 216 hectares (87 acres). The Lincoln Park Zoo is located in Lincoln Park on Chicago's North Side, about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the Loop. The zoo covers more than 35 hectares (14 hectares) inside the park.

• Illinois Museum

Music

Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted the International Band Band and Midwest Band Orchestra since 1946, is also home to the Illinois Music Illumination Association (IMEA), one of the largest professional music educator organizations in the country. Every summer since 2004, Southern Illinois University Carbondale has hosted the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which features dozens of performances throughout the region. Preferred artists include Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim.

Chicago, in the northeastern corner of the state, is the main center for music in the midwestern United States where the typical blues forms (very responsible for the creation of future rock and roll), and home music, electronic dance music genres, developed.

Great Migration of the poor black workers from the South into industrial cities brought traditional jazz and blues to town, producing Chicago blues and Chicago-style "Dixieland" jazz. Leading blues artists include Muddy Waters, Junior Wells, Howlin 'Wolf, and Sonny Boy Williamsons; Great jazz including Nat King Cole, Gene Ammons, Benny Goodman, and Bud Freeman. Chicago is also famous for its soul music.

In the early 1930s, Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago because of the contributions of Thomas A. Dorsey in the Pilgrim Baptist Church.

In the 1980s and 1990s, heavy rock, punk, and hip hop also became popular in Chicago. The orchestra in Chicago includes the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and the Chicago Sinfonietta.

Sports

Main league sports

As one of the major metropolises of the United States, all major sports leagues have teams based in Chicago.

• Two Major League Baseball teams are located in the state. Chicago Cubs of the National League play in the oldest second-oldest league stadium (Wrigley Field) and are widely known for experiencing the longest championship drought in all major American sports: not winning the World Series since 1908. The drought finally came to an end when the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games to win the 2016 World Series. The Chicago White Sox of the American League won the World Series in 2005, their first since 1917. They played on the south side of the city at the Guaranteed Rate Field.
• The Chicago Bears football team has won nine of the total NFL Championships, the last one going on Super Bowl XX on January 26, 1986.
• The Chicago Bulls of the NBA is one of the most recognizable basketball teams in the world, largely due to the efforts of Michael Jordan, who led the team's sixth NBA championship in eight seasons in the 1990s.
• The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL began playing in 1926, and became members of the Original Six after the NHL took to a number of teams during World War II. Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, last in 2015.
• Chicago Fire is a member of MLS and has been one of the most successful and most supported league clubs since its establishment in 1997, winning one league and four Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup in that time period. The team plays at Bridgeview, next to Chicago.

Other top-level professional sports

• Chicago Red Stars have been playing at the top level of US women's football since their formation in 2009, except in the 2011 season. The team currently plays in National Women's Soccer League, sharing the stadium with Fire.
• The Chicago Sky has been playing at the National Women's Basketball Association, the sister league of the NBA, since 2006.

Little League sports

Many small league teams also refer to Illinois as their home. They include:

• The Bloomington Edge of the Indoor Football League
• Bloomington Flex from the Midwest Professional Basketball Association
• The Chicago Bandits of the NPF, a female softball league; has won four league titles, last in 2016
• Chicago Red Stars from NWSL, formerly from Women's Professional Soccer League (WPS) and Premier Women's Football League (WPSL)
• The Chicago Wolves is an AHL team playing in the suburbs of Rosemont
• Gateway Grizzlies of the Frontier League in Sauget, Illinois
• The Kane County Cougars of the Midwest League
• The Normal CornBelters of the Frontier League
• The Joliet Slammers of the Frontier League
• Peoria Chiefs from the Midwest League
• Peoria Rivermen is the SPHL team
• The Rockford Aviators of the Frontier League
• The Rockford IceHogs is an AHL team
• The Schaumburg Generation of the Border League
• The Southern Illinois Miners based in Marion in the Frontier League
• The Windy City Bulls, playing in the Chicago suburbs, Hoffman Estates, from the NBA G League

College sports

The state has 13 competing athletic programs in the NCAA I Division, the highest level of US college sports.

Two of the most prominent are Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats, both members of the Big Ten Conference and the only one competing in one of the so-called "Power Five Conferences". The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and three Rose Bowl Games, while the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight championship football conferences and one Rose Bowl game.

The Northern Illinois Huskies of DeKalb, Illinois competed at the Mid-America Conference winning 4 conference championships and earned an offer at the Orange Bowl along with producing Heisman Jordan Lynch candidates in the quarterback. The Huskies are the only other country team to compete in the Football Bowl Sub-division, the highest level of NCAA football.

Four schools have soccer programs that compete in second tier Division I soccer, Subdivision Football Championship. Illinois State Redbirds (Normal, adjacent to Bloomington) and Southern Illinois Salukis (the latter representing the main campus of Southern Illinois University in Carbondale) are members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) for non-soccer sport and Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC). The Western Illinois Leathernecks (Macomb) is a full member of the Summit League, which does not sponsor football, and also competes in MVFC. The Eastern Illinois Panthers (Charleston) is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).

The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football. DePaul Blue Demons, with major campuses at Lincoln Park and the Loop, is a member of the Great East Conference. The Loyola Ramblers, with their main campus located in the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the far north side of the city, compete on MVC. UIC Flames, from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are in the Horizon League. The Chicago State Cougars, from the south side of town, compete at the Western Athletic Conference.

Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located below. The Bradley Braves (Peoria) is a member of MVC, and SIU Edwardsville Cougars (in the Metro East area across the Mississippi River from St. Louis) competes at OVC.

Former Chicago sports club

Team folded

The city was once home to some of the other teams that failed to survive, or that included a folded league.

• Chicago Blitz, United States Football League 1983-1984
• Chicago Sting, North American Football League 1975-1984, and Major Indoor Soccer League
• Chicago Cougars, World Hockey Association 1972-1975
• Chicago Rockers, Continental Basketball Association
• Chicago Skyliners, American Basketball Association 2000-01
• The Chicago Bruisers, Arena Football League 1987-1989
• Chicago Power, National Professional Soccer League 1984-2001
• Chicago Blaze, National Women's Basketball League
• Chicago Machine, Lacrosse Main League
• The Chicago Whale from the Federal Baseball League, a rival league for Major League Baseball from 1914 to 1916
• Chicago American Giants of the Negro baseball league, 1910-1952
• The Chicago Bruins of the National Basketball League, 1939-1942
• The Chicago Studebaker Flyers from NBL, 1942-43
• American Chicago Gears from NBL, 1944-1947
• Chicago Stags of the Basketball Association of America, 1946-1950
• The Chicago Major of the American Basketball League, 1961-1963
• The Chicago Express from ECHL
• The Chicago Enforcers of the XFL pro football league
• The Chicago Fire, World Football League 1974
• The Chicago Winds, World Football League 1975
• Chicago Hustle, Women's Professional Basketball League 1978-1981
• Chicago Mustangs, North American Football League 1966-1967
• The Chicago Storm, Ultimate Soccer League 2004-2005
• The Chicago Rush, Arena Football League 2001-2013

Team relocation

The NFL Arizona Cardinals, currently playing in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona, played in Chicago as the Chicago Cardinals, moving to St. Petersburg. Louis, Missouri after the 1959 season. An NBA expansion team known as the Chicago Packers in 1961-1962, and as Chicago Zephyrs the following year, moved to Baltimore after the 1962-1963 season. This franchise is now known as the Washington Wizards.

Professional sports teams outside Chicago

Peoria Chiefs and Kane County Cougars are a small league baseball team affiliated with MLB. Boomers Schaumburg and Lake County Fielders are members of the North American League, and Illinois Southern Miners, Gateway Grizzlies, Joliet Slammers, Windy City ThunderBolts, and Normal CornBelters are included in the Frontier League.

In addition to Chicago Wolf, AHL also owns Rockford IceHogs which serves as an affiliate of AHL Blackhawks Chicago. The second incarnation of Peoria Rivermen plays at SPHL.

Motorcycle racing

An oval motor racing track at Chicagoland Speedway at Joliet, Chicago Motor Speedway at Cicero, and Gateway International Raceway in Madison, near St. Louis. Louis has hosted NASCAR, CART and IRL races, while Sports Car Club of America, among other national and regional street racing clubs, has visited Autobahn Country Club at Joliet, Blackhawk Farms Raceway in South Beloit and former Meadowdale International Raceway in Carpentersville. Illinois also has several short tracks and dragstrip. The dragstrip at Gateway International Raceway and Route 66 Raceway, located on the same property as Chicagoland Speedway, are both host to NHRA races.

Golf

Illinois has several golf courses, such as Olympia Fields, Medina, Midlothian, Cog Hill, and Conway Farms, which often host the BMW, Western Open and Women Western Open Championships.

Also, the country has hosted 13 US Open editions (latest in Olympia Fields in 2003), six PGA Championship editions (latest in Medinah in 2006), three US Open Women editions (latest in The Merit Club), Solheim Cup 2009 (at Rich Harvest Farms), and Ryder Cup 2012 (in Medinah).

The John Deere Classic is a regular PGA Tour event played in the Quad Cities since 1971, while the Encompass Championship is a Champions Tour event since 2013. Previously, LPGA State Farm Classic was a LPGA Tour tour from 1976 to 2011.

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Parks and recreation

The state park system of Illinois began in 1908 with what is now Fort Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system that includes over 60 parks and about the same amount of recreational and wildlife areas.

Areas under the protection and control of the National Park Service include: Illinois National Corridor and Illinois Canal Channel near Lockport, Lewis and Clark National History Trail, Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Pioneer National Historic Trail of Mormon, Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, American Discovery Trail, and Pullman National Monument. The federal government also manages Shawnee National Forest and Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie.

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Law and government

The Illinois government, under the Illinois Constitution, has three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is divided into selected offices across the state, with the Governor as chief executive. The legislative function was given to the Illinois General Assembly. The court consists of the Supreme Court and the lower courts.

The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, consisting of 118 members of the Illinois House of Representatives and 59-member Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even year. The Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS) is a codified law of a general and permanent nature.

The executive branch consists of six elected officers and their offices as well as a number of other departments. The six elected officers are: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, State Secretary, Financial Controller, and Treasurer. The Illinois government has many departments, agencies, councils and commissions, but the so-called code department provides the majority of state services.

The Judiciary of Illinois is Illinois's integrated court system. It consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Circuit Court. The Supreme Court oversaw the administration of the court system.

The Illinois administrative division is a county, municipality, neighborhood, town, town, village and special purpose district. The basic subdivision of Illinois is 102 county. 85 of 102 districts in turn are divided into cities and surrounding areas. The municipal government is an integrated city, village, and city. Some areas have house rules , which allows them to set themselves to some extent.

src: www.eastcentralillinoisevents.com

Politics

Party balance

Illinois is a Democrat camp, and is considered one of the most democratic countries in the country. Historically, Illinois was a state of political swing, with almost-parity existed between Republicans and Democrats. However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has earned its place, and Illinois has been seen as a strong "blue" state in presidential contests. Chicago and most of Cook County's voices have long been very Democrats. However, the "collar area" (the suburbs that encircle County Cook Chicago, Illinois), can be seen as a moderate polling district. College cities like Carbondale, Champaign, and Normal also leaned Democrats.

Republicans continue to survive in remote Chicago exurban areas, as well as rural northern and central Illinois; Republican support is also strong in southern Illinois, outside the East St. metropolitan area Louis. From 1920 to 1972, the state was brought up by the winners of each

Source of the article : Wikipedia