Lead-based paint is widely used in the United States, due to its durability. The United States banned the manufacture of lead-based paint in 1978 due to health problems.
Lead has long been considered a harmful environmental pollutant. Citing cases of reciprocal poisoning at the beginning of the 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of his monthly publication, the painter Sherwin-Williams reported the dangers of lead paint, noting that a French expert has considered tin paint "toxic to a large extent, both to workers and to residents, painted in tin."
Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in 1971, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed by implementing regulations, effective in 1978. Additional regulations on reciprocal reduction, testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Most of the government's response to public health problems in the 1970s can be credited to the work of epidemiologist and pediatrician Philip J. Landrigan, who conducted a detailed study of lead poisoning near a tin refinery, as well as the effect of lead in gasoline.
In 1991, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Louis Wade Sullivan, called the lead "the number one environmental threat to the health of children in the United States." People are exposed to lead in many ways. This can be through the air, drinking water, food, contaminated soil, worsening paint, and dust. Air leadership enters the body by breathing or swallowing particles of lead or dust upon completion. Old lead-based paints are the most significant source of lead exposure in the US. Most of the houses built before 1960 contain highly leaded paint. Some of the houses that were built recently in 1978 may also contain lead paint.
The Center for National Statistics for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for Health Statistics monitors blood lead levels in the United States. Experts use a new rate based on a population of US children 1-5 years old who are above 2.5% of children when tested for lead in their blood (when compared with children exposed to more lead than most children ). Currently 5 micrograms per deciliter of lead in the blood.
Video Lead-based paint in the United States
Overview
Definition
The US government defines "lead-based paint" as "paint, a lead coating containing lead equal to or exceeding one milligram per square centimeter (1.0 mg/cm2) or 0.5 wt%." Some countries have adopted this or similar definition of "lead-based paint." This definition is used to enforce regulations applicable to certain activities undertaken in housing built before 1978, such as the reduction, or permanent removal of "lead-based paint hazards."
The US government and many states have rules about lead-based paint. Many of them apply to evaluate properties for lead-based paint. There are two different test procedures that are similar but produce different information. Lead-based paint inspection will evaluate all surfaces painted in the complex to determine where lead-based paint, if present, is present. The procedures for the main inspection are outlined in the US Housing and Urban Development Guidelines (HUD) of the United States, Chapter 7, Revision 1997. Another test is the risk assessment of lead-based paint. In this test, only the surface of the damaged paint was tested and the dust was collected. This information will help the risk appraiser determine if there is a main danger . Many property owners decide to get a combination of both tests to determine where lead-based paint is present and what dangers are present as well. Risk assessment is outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 5. In addition, if a child is poisoned on the property, the owner may be required to undertake a reduction (permanent removal of lead hazard).
Lead-based Cat Disclosure Rules
In 1996, the Lead-Based Cat Disclosure Regulations were enacted. This requires the pre-1978 owner of "target housing" to disclose to potential buyers or tenants all known information about the presence of lead-based paint and/or the danger of lead-based paint on the property. This requires that potential buyers or tenants be provided with a pamphlet of the headline, "Protect Your Family from Leading in Your Home," or other EPA approved pamphlets and special disclosure statements. The choice of whether to test the existence of lead-based paint is left to the owner, as long as the decision not to test it is disclosed.
Renovation, Repair and Painting
The EPA issued a new regulation called 'Renovation, Repair and Painting' (RRP) on the renovation of housing and buildings occupied by children built before 1978 on April 22, 2008. Regulation (Federal Register: July 15, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 134) ) effective April 22, 2010. Under the rules, contractors undertaking renovations, repairs and paint projects that disrupt lead-based coatings (including lead, lacquer or varnish) in child-held facilities built before 1978 must be certified and must follow specific work practices for prevent lead contamination. The EPA RRP rules impact on many construction trades, including general contractors and specialized trade contractors, painters, plumbers, carpenters, glazers, wooden floorers and electricians. The activities undertaken by all these trades can disrupt lead-based paint and have the potential to create dangerous lead dust. For most individuals, it takes eight hours of training. However, people who have successfully completed a renovation course developed by HUD or EPA, or a worker course or supervisor reduction accredited by the EPA or an official Country or Tribal program, may become certified renovators by attending a refresher four-hour renovation training EPA accredited.
The RRP rules are controversial, primarily due to the rising cost of remodelers as a result of having to prepare dust-proof apparatus, including sealing doors and HVAC channels with plastics. Various national trade associations have been very vocal in their opposition, some people so far will sue the EPA. Although the EPA is considered to be extending the rules to require contractors to pass third-party dust removal tests, this revision was rejected in July 2011.
Although the rule is not fully implemented until April 2010, certain elements are required beforehand, and others need careful attention before April 2010.
- Prior to April 2009, contractors who interfere with paint in homes, residential buildings, schools and childcare facilities built before 1978 should provide mutual hazard information prior to commencement of work to building owners, residents, and families children use the facility by distributing new EPA New Renovations brochures.
- Beginning in April 2009, trainers may begin applying to EPA or EPA-approved countries for accreditation, and, once approved, contractors and construction workers may begin to take training to obtain certification.
- As of October 2009, companies may apply for EPA or state certification.
- Beginning in April 2010, all businesses involved in renovation, repair or painting activities in homes, residential buildings, schools and childcare facilities built before 1978 must be certified, use certified workers, and follow specific lead-safe work practices to prevent tin contamination.
Maps Lead-based paint in the United States
Country action on major paint industry
The state of Rhode Island filed a public disturbance suit in 1999 ( Rhode Island State Association v. Industries ) to acquire former lead paint producers to pay for major current hazard clearance in Rhode Island. After the trial ended with a suspended jury in 2002, the state lifted the case again. In February 2006, the jury ruled in favor of the state and said Sherwin-Williams, NL Industries and Millennium Holdings had to pay for the cleaning of lead paint in the state. On July 1, 2008, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island in a landmark decision overturned the verdict, dismissing a case stating that "the State of Rhode Island" can not accuse 'enough facts to declare a claim for general common law disorder against tin pigment producers. "
In 2007, the Supreme Court of Missouri and the New Jersey Supreme Court also rejected the use of public disturbance theory in tin lawsuits, leaving Ohio and California as the only two cases of public disturbance left.
The California Supreme Court has reviewed emergency cost agreements between municipalities and private advisers. The timetable is currently being set. But in a recent ruling the Supreme Court entered into a contingent fee agreement it is incorrect to state that "When a government lawyer has a personal interest in litigation, a very important neutrality for the system is violated."
While Columbus City, Ohio voluntarily abandoned its lawsuit against the paint industry after the decision of Rhode Island, the Ohio State suit remained.
Real estate maintenance and renovation
Humans can be poisoned during unsafe renovation or repainting work on housing that has lead paint. Therefore, homeowners are encouraged to carefully stabilize any damaged paint (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) in a safe way. More than 250,000 children in the United States have a very dangerous level of lead in their bodies. There is no safe exposure level.
Working in a lead-free manner means avoiding dry sanding, dry scraping, removing paint by burning, the use of heat rifles over 1100 ° F, machine sanding or grinding without HEPA filtered filtering or HEPA-filtered vacuum. These methods are now banned by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) because they have been shown to create significant levels of lead dust during renovation, renovation and painting. They should be avoided, especially on properties where children under the age of six are located. Adult workers using unsafe working practices or improper protective equipment may also be lead poisoning.
There are special painting peels for use with lead paint such as "Lead-Out" paint dancers, "Strip-Tox", "Lead-X", and others. Some of these special strippers cause lead-non-harmful to reduce the risks associated with removal of lead paint.
HUD requires a dust test for "permission" at the end of remodeling or repainting work performed by independent third-party professionals of the employing entity.
Lead of the paint evaluation is usually done by field testing methods known as X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) using equipment such as Olympus Innov-X LBP4000, RMD LPA-1, or Niton Thermo Scientific. XRF is the preferred method because it is not destructive and readings are usually obtained about 4-8 seconds with an accuracy of 95% at 2-sigma level.
Such instruments have an unconvincing range, and when readings fall within this range (different ranges for each instrument and model), the paint chip can be picked up and sent for laboratory analysis. Testing for lead in dust, water, and air also requires laboratory analysis. The commercially available lead test tools are often used to test for the presence of lead, but they are unreliable and are not allowed by HUD to be used in determining whether a property is lead free paint.
The year of house construction can be a clue about the possibility that tin is present in the paint. In April 2011, 87% of homes built before 1940 contained at least some lead paint, a house built between 1940 and 1960 had a 69% chance of containing the paint, a house built between 1960 and 1978 has a 24% chance of containing lead paint, built after 1978 is unlikely to have lead-based paint. The US Department of Housing and Development's Disaster Resettlement and Disaster Residential Development and Development Office conducts regular research on the health hazards of housing-based housing in the US.
See also
- Epidemiology and Supervision of Adult Blood Lead
- Environmental issues with paint
- Environmental issues in the United States
- Decrease in prospects in the United States
- Secure safe work practices
References
External links
- EPA - Primary Information
- HUD - Lead Cleanup Information
- Lead-Based Cat: Health Risks and Testing Information - Children's Hospital of Cincinnati
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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