A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by breakdown of sweat bacteria in the armpits, legs, and other areas of the body. A deodorant subgroup, antiperspirant , affects odors and prevents perspiration by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are usually applied to the armpits, while deodorants can also be used on the feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter medicines.
The first commercial deodorant, Mum, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey. This product was briefly withdrawn from the US market, but is currently available at US retailers under the Ban brand. The modern formulation of antiperspirants was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. The formulation was first discovered in the "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called it the "best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s." Stopette was later defeated by many other brands because the 2018 patent was out of date.
There is a popular myth that the use of deodorant is associated with breast cancer, but so far no such casual relationship has been demonstrated in the study.
Video Deodorant
Histori
In 1888, the first commercial deodorant, Mum, was developed and patented by a US inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey. The small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931 and in the late 1940s, Helen Barnett Diserens developed a underarm applicator based on a newly discovered ballpoint pen. In 1952, the company began to market products under the name of Roll-On Tires. This product was briefly pulled from the US market, but again available to US retailers under the Ban brand. In the UK sold under the name Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray. Chattem bought the Ban deodorant brand in 1998 and then sold it to Kao Corporation in 2000.
In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry. [1] The modern formulation of antiperspirants was patented by Jules Montenier on 28 January 1941. This patent discusses the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with soluble nitriles or similar compounds. This formulation was first discovered in the "Stopette" deodorant spray, called Time Magazine "best-selling deodorant in the early 1950s". "Stopette" gets its lead as the first and long sponsor of the What's My Line game show? , and then lost its light by many other brands because the 1941 patent was over.
Between 1942 and 1957 the market for deodorants increased 600 times to a market of $ 70 million. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men used deodorants on that date. Roll-On Tire Products leads the market in sales.
In the early 1960s, the first aerosol antiperspirant on the market was Gillette's Right Guard, whose brand was later sold to Henkel in 2006. Aerosols are very popular because they let users remove sprays without coming in contact with the armpit area. By the late 1960s, half of all antiperspirants sold in the US were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales up to 82% in the early 1970s. However, in the late 1970s two issues emerged that greatly changed the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the active ingredients used in aerosols, zirconium aluminum chemicals, due to security concerns over long-term inhalation. Second, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits the use of chlorofluorocarbon propellants (CFCs) used in aerosols because of the awareness that these gases can contribute to diluting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly declines, antiperspirants stick to becoming more popular.
Maps Deodorant
Overview
Human sweat is largely odorless to be fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot and humid environments. The human armpit is one of the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and the sweat glands provide moisture, which, when excreted, have important cooling effects. When the adult armpit is washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its acidic coat (pH 4.5 - 6), increasing the pH of the skin and disrupting the skin barrier. Because many bacteria thrive in this high pH environment, this makes the skin vulnerable to bacterial colonization. Bacteria eat sweat from apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the main cause of body odor. Armpit hair moisturizes moisture from the skin and helps keep the skin dry enough to prevent or reduce bacterial colonization. Hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and is therefore ideal for preventing bacterial odor.
Deodorant
Deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are designed to remove odors. Deodorants are often alcohol-based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating, but may also kill bacteria for a while. Other active ingredients in deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride and stearyl alcohol. Deodorants can be formulated with other more persistent antimicrobials such as triclosan that slow down bacterial growth or with metal chelant compounds such as EDTA. Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils intended to mask the smell of sweat. In the past, deodorants include chemicals such as zinc oxide, acids, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and formaldehyde, but some of these ingredients are messy, obnoxious or even carcinogenic.
Free-sold products labeled as "natural deodorant crystals" containing aluminum-containing potassium alum, have gained recently discovered popularity as alternative health products, despite concerns about possible contact dermatitis. A popular alternative to modern commercial deodorants is the ammonium alum, which is a common type of alum, also contains aluminum, sold in crystalline form and is often referred to as deodorant crystals. . It has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico, and other countries.
Vaginal deodorants, in the form of sprays, suppositories and tissues, are often used by women to pick up the smell of the vagina. Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause dermatitis.
Antiperspirant deodorant
Deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA. Anti-sweat tries to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the humid climate in which bacteria develop. Aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, and aluminum-zirconium compounds, especially aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly and zirconium trichlorohydrex aluminum glet, are often used in antiperspirants. Aluminum chlorohydrate and aluminum-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most commonly used active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants. The aluminum-based complex reacts with the electrolyte in perspiration to form a gel plug in the sweat gland channel. The plug prevents the discharge glands and is removed from time to time by the natural decay of the skin. Metal salts work in other ways to prevent perspiration from reaching the skin surface: aluminum salts interact with keratin fibrils in the sweat channel and form a physical plug that prevents perspiration from reaching the skin surface. Aluminum salts also have little effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing perspiration from reaching the skin surface. The blockage of large amounts of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the armpit, although this can vary from person to person. Methenamine in the form of creams and sprays is successfully used for the treatment of excessive sweating and associated with it's odor. Antiperspirants are usually better applied before bedtime.
Form
Deodorants and antiperspirants come in various forms. What is commonly used varies across countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are very popular, as are the forms of cream and roll-on. In North America, the solid or gel forms are dominant.
Health effects
After using zirconium-containing deodorants, the skin can develop an allergic aksiler granuloma response. Antiperspirants with propylene glycol, when applied to the axilla, may cause irritation and may increase sensitivity to other ingredients in antiperspirants. Crystalline deodorants containing synthetic potassium alum are found to be a mild irritation of the skin. Unscented deodorants are available for those with sensitive skin. Frequent use of deodorant is associated with blood concentration of synthetic muscle galaxolide.
Aluminum poisoning
Aluminum is present most often in antiperspirants in the form of aluminum chlorohydrate. Aluminum chlorohydrate is not the same as the aluminum chloride compound, which has been defined as neurotoxin. At high doses, aluminum itself affects the blood-brain barrier, is capable of causing DNA damage, and has an adverse epigenetic effect.
The Food and Drug Administration, in a monograph dedicated to analyzing the safety of deodorants, concluded that "although many researchers see this problem, agencies do not find data from topical exposures and inhalation of chronic exposure to animals and humans delivered until now is enough to change. aluminum monograph containing antiperspirant ", allowing its use and vowing to continue to monitor the scientific literature. Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Security (Europe) concluded that "due to lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate internal doses of aluminum after cosmetic use, risk assessment can not be performed."
Breast cancer
The myth that breast cancer is believed to be associated with the use of deodorant has been widely circulated, and appears to have originated from spam emails sent in 1999; However, there is no evidence to support the existence of such links. One component of deodorant products that has paid attention is the parabens, chemical additives. According to the American Cancer Society, "studies have not shown a direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer".
Kidney dysfunction
The FDA has "admitted [d] that a small amount of aluminum can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin.", Which causes a warning "that people with kidney disease may not realize that daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminum can put them on a higher risk of exposure to aluminum in the product. "The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a physician before using antiperspirant containing aluminum.
Aerosol burns and frostbite
If the aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin long enough, it can cause aerosol burns - a form of frostbite. In a controlled test, deodorant spray has been shown to cause a temperature drop of more than 60 ° C in a short period of time.
Clothing
Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create a yellow stain on the clothes. Underarm liner is an alternative to antiperspirants that do not leave stains.
See also
- Air freshener
- Aluminum chlorhydrate
- Body odor
- Perfume
- Perspiracy
References
External links
- Antiperspirant/Deodorant and breast cancer
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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