hasyish , or hash , is a drug made of marijuana. While herbal hemp is referred to as marijuana, marijuana is a marijuana of resin. It is consumed by smoking a small piece, usually in a pipe, bong, vaporizer or joint, or through oral ingestion (after decarboxylation). Since pure hashish will not burn if rolled alone inside the joint, it is usually mixed with herbs, tobacco or other herbs for this method of consumption. Depending on the region or country, some synonyms and alternate names exist.
Hash is an extracted marijuana product consisting of compressed or purified preparations of stalked lymph nodes, called trichomas, from plants. This is defined by the 1961 United Nations Convention on Drugs (Schedule I and IV) as "separated, whether raw or pure resin, derived from cannabis plants". Resins contain ingredients such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids - but often in higher concentrations than unprocessed or untreated marijuana. Purse Hashish seized in Europe (2011) ranges from 4-15%. Between 2000 and 2005 the percentage of hashish in cannabis marijuana end product was 18%.
Hashish may be solid or resin depending on the preparation and temperature of the room; pressed hashish is usually solid, while water-purified hashish - often called "hashish melt bubble", or simply "hash bubble" - often a paste like substance with varying hardness and elasticity; the color, most often dark brown, can vary from transparent to yellow, brown, black, or red. It all depends on the process and the amount of solvent remaining.
Hashish is the main form of marijuana used in Europe in 2008. Herbal marijuana is more widely used in North America.
In addition to recreational use, the marijuana active ingredient, THC, has been interesting for research and medical purposes since its arrival in the 18th century. While it is widely used as a cure for various diseases, the emergence of special care led to a sharp decline in prescriptions, eventually becoming illegal for use through the UN Convention of 1971 on Psychotropic Substances.
The street prices for marijuana in Europe in 2011 vary from EUR3 (Portugal) per gram to EUR18 in Malta, or even as high as 200NOK (EUR20/$ 25) in Norway.
Video Hashish
Histori
Hashish has been consumed for centuries, although there is no clear evidence for his first appearance. North India has a long social tradition in the production of cannabis, known locally as charas , which is believed to be the same resin plant as burned in the booz rooz ceremony of Ancient Persia.
The first ratification of the term "cannabis" was in a pamphlet published in Cairo in 1123 AD, which accused Muslim Nizari of being a "hasish-eater". Thirteenth-century Ibn Taymiyya banned the use of marijuana; he mentions that it was introduced to the Levant with a Mongol invasion (throughout the 13th century). Smoking did not become common in the Old World until after the introduction of tobacco, so until the 1500s hashish in the Muslim world was consumed as edible food.
In 1596, the Dutchman Jan Huyghen van Linschoten spent three pages on "Bangue" ( bhang ) in his historic work documenting his journey in the East. He specifically mentions Egyptian marijuana. He said, "Bangue is also widely used in Turke and Egypt, and is made in three types, has three names, the first by the Egyptians is called Assis (Hashish (Arab.)), Which is the base of Hemp, or Hemp Leaf, that is water which are made with dough or dough, they will eat five pieces of skin, (each) of Chestnut (or larger); It is used by ordinary people, because the price is small, and it is not surprising, that the point comes from Hempe, to it was in Galens's opinion that Hempe overfilled his head. "
Hashish arrived in Europe from the East during the 18th century, and was first mentioned scientifically by Gmelin in 1777. The Napoleonic campaign introduced French troops to marijuana in Egypt and the first description of usefulness dates from 1830 by the pharmacist and botanist Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck. In 1811, the homeopathic founder, Samuel Hahnemann, published the "proof" of the Cannabis Sativa effect in his work Reine Arzneimittellehre (Materia Medica Pura).
In 1839, O'Shaughnessy wrote a comprehensive study of Indian hemp, recognized by the European medical school and described cannabis as a relief for cramps and caused the loss of certain symptoms of suffering such as rabies, cholera, and tetanus. This led to great expectations in the medical community. In 1840 Louis Aubert-Roche reported his success using hashish against the plague. Also a psychiatric experiment with cannabis was done at the same time as Jacques-Joseph Moreau was convinced that it was the highest drug for use in psychiatry.
In the 1800s, marijuana was embraced in some circles of European literature. Most notably, Club des Hashischins is a Parisian club dedicated to the consumption of hashish and other medicines; Its members include literary figures such as ThÃÆ' Â © ophile Gautier, Dr Moreau de Tours, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Baudelaire and HonorÃÆ'Â © de Balzac. Baudelaire then wrote the 1860 book Les Paradis artificiels, about the state of being under the influence of opium and marijuana. At about the same time, American author Fitz Hugh Ludlow wrote The 1857 book The Hasheesh Eater about his young experiences, both positive and negative, with drugs.
Hashish was also mentioned and used as an anesthetic in Germany in 1869. At this time, hashish was imported in large quantities mainly from India and was called charas. However, there are also people who do not regard marijuana as harmless. Between 1880 and 1900 was the peak of drug use, where hash compounds are the most common in almost all European countries and the United States. Evidence of abuse at the time was practically nonexistent (compared to widespread reports in Asia and Africa). Hashish plays an important role in the treatment of pain, migraine, dysmenorrhea, asthma pertussis and insomnia in Europe and the United States towards the end of the 19th century. Rare applications include abdominal pain, depression, diarrhea, decreased appetite, pruritus, hemorrhage, induced syndrome and malaria. The use of hashish has declined because even supporters agree on the unreliable compound, with critics calling it worthless and dangerous. Finally, marijuana as a medicine disappeared completely in the 20th century with the introduction of special medicines for all its major applications. Its use was then banned worldwide for its use as a drug not made possible by the 1961 United Nations Convention on Narcotics Drugs.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of cannabis in Europe came from Kashmir, Afghanistan, and parts of India, as well as Greece, Syria, Nepal, Lebanon, and Turkey. Larger markets grew in the late 1960s and early 1970s when most hashishes were imported from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Due to the disruptive conflicts in the region, Morocco took over and became a considerable exporter until recently. It is believed that the massive hashish production for international trade originated in Morocco during the 1960s, in which the marijuana plant was widely available. Prior to the arrival of the first hippies of the Hippie Hashish Trail , only small pieces of Lebanese hashish were found in Morocco.
However, since the 2000s there has been a dramatic shift in the market due to increased local marijuana production. While Morocco held a false monopoly in the 1990s with so-called 250g low-quality "soap bars", Afghanistan has now announced the largest producer of higher-quality cannabis. Since then, quality in Europe has increased while prices have remained stable.
Maps Hashish
European Market
According to the European Center for Drug and Drug Administration (EMCDDA), Western Europe is the largest market for cannabis resins with 70% of global seizures. European cannabis markets are changing though: Cultivation of marijuana increased throughout the 1990s to 2004, with real declines reported in 2005 according to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Morocco has been a major source, but lately there has been a shift in the market and Afghanistan has been named a major Hashish producer. Although a decline in use and production has been reported, Morocco produced about 6,600 tonnes of resin in 2005.
As 641 tons of hashish is consumed in the EU in 2013, the European market today is the largest and most profitable in the world. Therefore, many actors are involved in business, including organized crime groups. The largest sapwood resin resin in Europe occurs in Spain, due to its proximity to North Africa.
The 1990 "bar soap" disappears and the physical form of marijuana turns into a shaped melon, tablet or olive-shaped pellet. Overall domestic trends of domestically grown marijuanes replacing imported resins caused a market reaction to potential changes while prices remained stable while the potential of bar soap increased from 8% to 20.7% by 2014.
Generally, more resins than herbs are consumed in Europe.
Property Substance
Since hashish is a derivative of marijuana, it has the same substance properties. When smoking, THC can be detected in plasma in seconds, with a half-life of 2 hours. Because of its lipophilic nature, it is widely distributed throughout the body, and some metabolites can be detected in the urine for up to two weeks after consumption.
Hashish is made of cannabinoid rich glandular hair known as trichoma, as well as various amounts of cannabis flowers and leaves. The flowers of the adult female plant contain the most trichomes, although trichomes are also found in other parts of the plant. Some cannabis strains are cultivated specifically for their ability to produce trichomes in large quantities. The resin reservoir of the trichoma, sometimes mistakenly referred to as pollen (vendors often use the euphemism of "pollen catchers" to describe filtered brushes in the framework of the coupling software legislation), separated from plants through various methods.
Apps
Arrange and set
Hashish is often consumed in a social environment, smoked by many people who share a pipe, bong, joint or vaporizer.
After effects
The pharmacology of marijuana is complicated by various cannabinoids. There is little evidence of damage to the organ system, simply because of its consumption in combination with tobacco. There is also a connection with schizophrenia, but it is not clear whether there is a causative relationship.
Generally the after effects are similar to the general use of cannabis, including its long-term effects.
Use
Hasyish can be consumed by oral consumption or smoking; usually in pipes, bongs, vaporizers or joints, where it is usually mixed with marijuana or tobacco, since pure hashish gets badly burned if it is burned. In some parts of Canada, individuals do what is known as a "bottle of tock", where they pick up a lit cigarette, stick a "bot" (small cannabis ball) and then let the smoke fill the bottle before it is inhaled. THC has a low water solubility so consumption causes poor absorption. Generally this method is similar to the consumption of cannabis as a whole.
Condition changed
As an active hashish ingredient, THC has the same effect as marijuana. The most well-known hashish effect is the effect of euphoria, drowsiness, and anesthesia. A certain anxiety relief is often reported. During high times, users experience time and space distortion.
It has been claimed that the physiological and psychological needs of the user will affect the response and that the user must cooperate with and facilitate the effect. Therefore, the effects of physical and interpersonal settings are strong and usually control the underlying tone of experience. Generally intensification of sensation and increased clarity of perception have been reported. Short life side effects have also been reported, including psychotic states after heavy consumption. Usual users are at risk of dependency. Especially people with major mental illness such as schizophrenia are vulnerable because hashish causes recurrence and exacerbates existing symptoms.
Perceptual changes
Since perceptual changes are extremely difficult to measure, most studies of altered states of consciousness concentrate solely on subjective descriptions. The general awareness of the proprioceptive response seems to increase, as emotional involvement is reported to improve perceptions in general. The taste and smell look stronger and the visual landscape seems deeper while the sound is heard with more dimensions. The perception of time is also reported to change: there is a common experience of time distortions where events take longer to occur and subjects engage in internal fantasies with the impression that external time has slowed down. However, there seems to be no impression of speed or speed for internal processes. Similar effects are common in normal experience, for example when time slows down because of boredom. It is proposed that this distortion is due to the experience itself being the focus of attention rather than what is going on around the individual.
Functional associations seem to degrade strength and there is less mental coercion on the sensory perception of objects. The normally filtered aspect is given the same attention. Therefore, objects need not be conceptualized through their use but are more experienced overall. Detailed attention is paid, focusing on certain aspects of an object, sentence or other perceptual input in an enlarged way. Obviously the attention process is affected. Only a small amount of diverse content, focused attention, and fewer perceived objects. One can become absorbed by one object, event or process until the exclusion of everything else, called the fantasy train and has been described as a tunnel vision in which the individual is more aware of the element of individual meaning. , emotions, etc. There seems to be a certain unity of attention while attention usually depends on several channels. Flight fantasy and dreaming, including feel connections and associations of ideas that seem inaccessible under normal circumstances are often reported.
There appears to be a reduction in the availability of automated memory images, but increased memory strength when relevant to central needs. The experience seems new and experienced without feelings of intimacy and more intense if it stands out emotionally. This emotional power can enable internal imagery, which is used to search for identity or interpret incoming stimuli. Short-term memory becomes shorter and in very high state the mind-order is not remembered through one or two transitions.
Expectations and anticipations that are essential to maintaining consistent behavior in normal countries seem to decrease in strengths that may lead to shocking behavior or beyond character. Usually these expectations allow the person to behave with a directed and natural purpose, with the decline of the person possibly acting in an illogical and unpredictable manner. Similarly, inhibition, especially social inhibition, seems to be diminishing, resulting in pleasant behavior and acting on impulse.
Manufacturing process
The sticky resin of the fresh-flowered marijuana plant is collected by pressing or rubbing flowering plants between two hands and then forming a sticky resin into a small ball of marijuana called charas.
The mechanical separation method uses physical action to remove trichomes from dry plant material, such as sieving through the screen by hand or in a motorized glass. This technique is known as "drysifting". The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into the cannabis block; if pure, the kief will become flexible and supple. When high pure THC levels are present, the final product will be almost transparent and will begin to melt at the point of human contact.
Ice-water splitting is another mechanical method for isolating trichomes. More recent techniques have been developed such as heat and pressure separation, static electricity sift or acoustic dry sieves.
Trichom can rupture from supporting rods and leaves when plant material becomes brittle at low temperatures. Once the plant material has been stirred in cold sludge, the separate trichomes are often dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ice-water mixture after agitation, while lighter pieces of leaves and stems tend to float.
The ice water method requires ice, water, agitation, filtration bags with various screen sizes and plant materials. By the method of ice-water extraction, the resin becomes hard and fragile and easily separated. This allows a large amount of pure resin to be extracted in a very clean process without the use of a solvent, creating a purer hashish.
Chemical separation methods generally use solvents such as ethanol, butane or hexane to dissolve the desired lipophilic resin. The remaining plant material is filtered out of the solution and sent to the compost. The solvent is then vaporized, or boiled (cleaned) leaving the desired resin, called honey oil, "hash oil", or simply "oil". Honey oil still contains waxes and essential oils and can be further purified by vacuum distillation to produce "red oil". Chemical separation products are more commonly referred to as "honey oil." This oil is not really marijuana, because the latter name includes trikoma extracted with sifting. This leaves most of the glands intact.
In a study conducted in 2014 by Jean-Jaques Filippi, Marie Marchini, CÃÆ'Ã… © line Charvoz, Laurence Dujourdy and Nicolas Baldovini ( Multidimensional analysis of volatile constituents of cannabis: Identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo [2.1 1] hexane as a marker of volatile hashish, a resin of Cannabis sativa L. ) the researchers correlated the characteristics of hashish with the restoration of myrcene caused during the manufacturing process.
Depending on the production process, the product can be contaminated with various dirt and crop fragments, varying greatly in appearance, texture, odor and potency. Also, adulterers may be added to gain weight or change their appearance.
Morocco has become a major global hashish producer with EUR10.8 billion acquired with Moroccan resin in 2004. However, Chouvy (2016) points out that some of the so-called "Moroccan" actually come from local European production. Earnings for farmers ranged around EUR325 million in 2005. While the overall number of plants and areas shrink in size, the introduction of stronger hybrid plants results in high resin levels. The range or resin produced is estimated between 3800 and 9500 tons in 2005.
The biggest producer today is Afghanistan, but research shows there is a "hashish revival" in Morocco.
Quality
Small pieces of leaf material may be inadvertently or even intentionally added; adulterants are introduced when hashish is being produced will reduce the purity of the material and often produce the finished green product. The content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of hashish comes in a wide range of almost none to 65% and hash oil from 30% to 90%.
As mentioned above, there has been an increase in potential in general as competition has grown larger and new hybrid plants have been developed.
Synonyms
Nup, charas, shish, kif, and others. Road names often refer to the form in which hashes are formed, such as candy, soap, nine bars, fingers, bread, or surfboards. The country of origin is also used as a description, for example black Afghanistan, a blond Lebanese, or a Moroccan.
See also
- Linseed oil
- Hash oil
- Cannabis (medicine)
- The cannabis culture
- Club des Hashischins
References
Further reading
- Hashish! by Robert Connell Clarke, ISBNÃ, 0-929349-05-9
- The Hasheesh Eater by Fitz Hugh Ludlow; first edition 1857
- Marihuana The first twelve thousand years by Ernest L. Abel, 1980, ISBNÃ, 0-306-40496-6
- Starks, Michael. Potential Ganja . Berkeley, California: Dan/Or Press, 1977. Chapter 6 "THC Extraction and Hash Oil Preparation" p. 111-122. ISBN: 0-915904-27-6.
External links
- Bibliography of scientific history of marijuana and cannabis
- Hashish Creation and Varieties
- Changed Country Database
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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