Kerosene , also known as paraffin , oil lamp , and coal oil (outdated term), is flammable hydrocarbon fluids derived from petroleum. It is widely used as fuel in industry and household. Its name comes from the Greek: ????? ( keros ) meaning candle, and registered as a trademark by Canadian geologist and inventor Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a generic trademark. Sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial use. The term kerosene is common in most of Argentina, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and the United States, while the term paraffin (or closely related variant) is used in Chile , East Africa, South Africa, and in the United Kingdom, and (a variant) of oil terms in Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Latvian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian. In some of these languages ​​the term kerosine refers as a substitute for jet fuel. The term oil lamp , or equivalent in the local language, is common in much of Asia. Liquid paraffin (called mineral oil in the US) is a more viscous and very fine product used as a laxative. Paraffin wax is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum.
Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines (jet fuel) and some rocket engines and is also commonly used as cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small outboard motors or even motorcycles. World kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels (50 million gallons US, 42 million gallons imperial, 190 million liters) per day.
To prevent confusion between kerosene and petrol which are much more volatile and volatile, some jurisdictions regulate marking or dye for containers used to store or dispose of kerosene. For example, in the United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used in retail service stations be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for diesel fuel).
Video Kerosene
Properti
Kerosene is a clear clear clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from oil fractional distillation between 150 and 275 Â ° C (300 and 525 Â ° F), yielding a mixture with a density of 0.78-0.81 g/cm of soup> 3 (0.45-0.47 oz/cuÃ, in) consists of carbon chains that typically contain between 10 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It can be soluble in oil solvent but can not mix in water.
American Society for Testing and Materials The standard specification D-3699-78 recognizes two classes of kerosene: 1-K class (less than 0.04% sulfur weight) and 2-K (0.3% sulfur weight). 1-K rated kerosene burns less with fewer deposits, fewer toxins, and lesser maintenance than 2-K caliber oils, and is a preferred class of kerosene for heating and kerosene stoves.
Regardless of the source of crude oil or processing history, the main components of kerosene are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzene (single ring) and alkylnaftalene (double ring), usually not exceeding 25% kerosene flow volume. Olefins are usually absent in more than 5% volume.
The kerosene flame is between 37 and 65 ° C (100 ° and 150 ° F), and its autoignition temperature is 220 ° C (428 ° F). The kerosene pour point depends on the level, with standard commercial flight fuel at -47Ã, Â ° C (-53Ã, Â ° F).
1-K grade oil freezes around -40 ° C (-40 ° F, 233 K).
The heat of burning kerosene is similar to diesel fuel; its lower caloric value is 43.1 MJ/kg (about 18,500 Btu/lb), and its higher calorific value is 46.2 MJ/kg (19,900 Btu/lb).
In the UK, two levels of heating oil are defined. BS 2869 Class C1 is a lightweight grade used for lanterns, camping stoves, axis heaters, and mixed with gasoline in some vintage combustion engines in lieu of tractor vapor oil. BS 2869 Class C2 is a heavier distillate, used as domestic heating oil. Premium kerosene is usually sold in 5-or-20-liter containers (1.1 or 4.4 Â ° c; 1.3 or 5.3 Â ° US) of hardware, camping and shopping areas and often painted purple. Standard kerosene is usually distributed in large quantities by tankers and not treated.
National and international standards define the nature of some kerosene classes used for jet fuel. Flashpoint and frozen properties are of special interest to operations and safety; standards also specify additives to control static electricity and other purposes.
Maps Kerosene
History
The process of refining crude oil/petroleum into kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, was first written in the 9th century by Persian R scholars? Zi (or Rhazes). In his book Illuminates oil from coal and oil shale
Although "coal oil" was well known to industrial chemists at least in the early 1700s as a by-product of coal-fired gas and coal tar, it was burned with a smoky fire that prevented its use for indoor lighting. In the cities, much of the indoor lighting is provided by coal gas, but outside the cities, and for spotlight lighting in the city, the tempting market for indoor light charging is supplied by whale oil, especially from more sperm whales So bright. and cleaner.
Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner claims that in 1846 he gave a public demonstration in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island about a new process he found. He heats the coal in the retort, and filters it from the clear and thin liquid that he shows makes excellent light fuel. He created the name "kerosene" for his fuel, keroselaion contraction , which means oil candle . The cost of extracting kerosene from coal is high.
Fortunately, Gesner recalled from his extensive knowledge of the geology of New Brunswick, a natural asphaltum called albertite. He was blocked from using it by the New Brunswick coal conglomerate because they had coal extraction rights for the province, and he lost a court case when their experts claimed albertite was a form of coal. In 1854, Gesner moved to Newtown Creek, Long Island, New York. There, he gets the support of a group of businessmen. They formed the North American Gas Light Company, where he commissioned his patent.
Despite the obvious priorities of the invention, Gesner did not get his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after James Young's patent in the United States. The refining method of refining products seems to be superior to Young's products, resulting in cleaner and better-smelling fuels. The production of kerosene under the Gesner patent started in New York in 1854 and later in Boston - distilled from bituminous coal and oil shale. Gesner listed the word "Kerosene" as a trademark in 1854, and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and Downer Company (authorized by Gesner) were allowed to refer to their "Kerosene" lamp oil in the United States.
In 1848, Scottish chemist James Young experimented with oil found seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminated fuel. When the perk became tired, he experimented with dry coal distillation, especially the "boghead coal" resin (torbanite). He took some useful liquid from him, one of which he named paraffin oil because at low temperatures he froze into a paraffin-like substance. Young took a patent on the process and produced the product in 1850, and built the world's first commercial oil work at Bathgate in 1851, using oil extracted from local bituminous torbanite, shale and bituminous coal. In 1852, he issued a US patent for the same discovery. These patents are then enforced in both countries in a series of lawsuits, and other manufacturers are required to pay royalties to him.
Kerosene from petroleum
In 1851, Samuel Martin Kier began selling oil lamps to local miners, under the name "Carbon Oil". He filters this out by his own invention process of crude oil. He also found a new lamp to burn his product. He has been dubbed the Grandfather of the American Oil Industry by historians. From the 1840s, Kier's salt well became dirty with oil. At first, Kier only dumped useless oil into the Main Channel of the nearby Pennsylvania Channel, but then he started experimenting with some crude distillates, along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania.
Ignasi? Ukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist living in Lviv, and his Hungarian counterpart Jan Zeh have experimented with different distillation techniques, trying to improve the Gesner kerosene process, but using oil from local petroleum seeps. Many people know about his work, but do not pay much attention to it. On the night of July 31, 1853, doctors at the local hospital had to carry out emergency surgery, which was almost impossible by candlelight. Therefore they send a messenger to? Ukasiewicz and his new lamp. The lights were so bright and clean that hospital officials ordered some lights plus a large supply of fuel. ? ukasiewicz realizes his job potential and leaves the pharmacy to find a business partner, and then goes to Vienna to register his technique to the government. ? ukasiewicz moved to the Gorlice region of Poland in 1854, and drowned several wells in southern Poland over the next decade, setting up a refinery near Jas? o in 1859.
The discovery of petroleum at Drake Wells in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused much public excitement and drilling investment in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania but also in Canada, where petroleum was discovered in Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, and Poland south, where is Ignacy? ukasiewicz has been distilling oil lamps from petroleum seepage since 1852. Increased oil refining supplies allowed oil to fully side-step oil-from-coal patents from both Young and Gesner, and produced oil illuminated from petroleum without paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the lit oil industry in the United States completely switched to oil in the 1860s. Petroleum refining oils are widely sold as Kerosene, and trade names soon lose their ownership status, and become lower generic "kerosene" products. Since Gesner's original Kerosene is also known as "coal oil", generic kerosene from petroleum is commonly called "coal oil" in parts of the United States until the 20th century.
In Britain, the manufacture of oil from coal (or oil shale) continued into the early 20th century, although it was increasingly overshadowed by petroleum oil.
As kerosene production increases, whaling decreases. The American whaling fleet, which has been growing for 50 years, reached its peak during 199 ships in 1858. In 1860, just two years later, the fleet fell to 167 ships. The Civil War slashed the temporary whaling of American whales, but only 105 whalers returned to the sea in 1866, the first year of peace, and that number dwindled to only 39 American ships departing whale hunting in 1876. Kerosene, made first from coal. and oil shale, then from petroleum, largely taken over by favorable whale markets in lamp oil.
Electric lighting began to replace kerosene as a light at the end of the 19th century, especially in urban areas. However, kerosene remained the dominant commercial end use for purified oil in the United States until 1909, when the oil was exceeded by motor fuel. The advent of gasoline-powered automobiles in the early 20th century created a demand for lighter hydrocarbon fractions, and refiners created methods to increase gasoline output, while lowering kerosene output. In addition, some of the heavier hydrocarbons previously fed into kerosene are incorporated into diesel fuel. Kerosene retains some market share as it is increasingly used in portable stoves and heaters.
In 2013, kerosene accounts for about 0.1 percent of the output volume of oil refineries in the United States.
Use
As fuel
Heating and lighting
At one time fuel, also known as heating oil in the UK and Ireland, is widely used in kerosene lamps and lanterns. Although replacing whale oil, the 1873 edition of the Elements of Chemistry says, "The vapor of this substance [kerosene] mixes with the air is as explosive as gunpowder." This may be due to the common practice of fake kerosene with a cheaper but more volatile hydrocarbon mixture, such as naphtha. Kerosene is a significant risk of fire; in 1880, nearly two out of every five New York City fires were caused by damaged kerosene lamps.
In less developed countries, kerosene is an important source of energy for cooking and lighting. It is used as a cooking fuel in a portable stove for backpackers. As a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some gas stations. Sometimes used as a heat source when power failure.
Kerosene is widely used in Japan as home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In Japan, kerosene can be purchased at every charging station or sent home. In the UK and Ireland, kerosene is often used as a heating fuel in areas not connected to gas pipelines. It's used less for cooking, with LPG being an option because it's easier to light. Kerosene is often the fuel of choice for various stoves like Rayburn. Additives such as RangeKlene can be incorporated into kerosene to ensure that it burns cleaner and produces less soot when used in a range cooker.
Amish people, who generally do not use electricity, rely on kerosene for night lighting.
Much more everywhere in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters were often built into kitchen ranges, and kept many families of farmers and fishermen kept warm and dry throughout the winter. At one time, citrus farmers used stain pots fueled by kerosene to create a thick smoke sheath above the clumps in an effort to prevent the freezing temperatures from destructive plants. "Salamanders" are kerosene space heaters used at construction sites to dry building materials and to warm workers. Prior to the days of electrically lit roadblocks, the highway construction zone was marked at night by a fired kerosene, a potbellied torch. Much of this kerosene use creates thick black smoke due to low combustion temperatures.
An important exception, discovered in the early 19th century, was the use of a gas coat mounted above the axis on kerosene lamps. Seemed like a fine wicker bag on the wick of cotton wool, the mantle is a mineral material residue (mostly thorium dioxide), heated to incandescent by a flame from the axis. The combination of thorium and cerium oxide produces a whiter light and a greater energy fraction in visible light than the black body at the same temperature. These types of lamps are still used today in the regions of the world without electricity, because they provide much better light than simple axis type lights. More recently, the multipurpose lantern that serves as a cooking stove has been introduced in India in areas without electricity.
Cooking
In countries like India and Nigeria, kerosene is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor, and kerosene stoves replace traditional wood-based cooking utensils. Thus, rising kerosene prices can have enormous political and environmental consequences. The Indian government subsidizes fuel to keep prices so low, to about 15 US cents per liter by February 2007, as lower prices prevent the demolition of forests for cooking fuel. In Nigeria efforts by the government to remove fuel subsidies that include kerosene meet with strong opposition.
Kerosene is used as fuel in portable stoves, especially in Primus stoves found in 1892. The portable kerosene stove gets a reliable and durable stove reputation in everyday use, and performs very well under adverse conditions. In outdoor activities and mountain climbing, the decisive advantage of pressurized kerosene stoves versus exhaust stoves is its extremely high heat output and its ability to operate at very low temperatures in winter or at high altitudes. Furnace axes such as Perfection's or wickless like Boss continue to be used by the Amish and from the living grid and in natural disasters where no power is available.
Transportation
In the mid-20th century, kerosene or vaporising tractors (TVO) were used as cheap fuel for tractors. The engine will start with gasoline, then switch to kerosene after the engine warms up. The manifold heat valve will direct the exhaust gas around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it is evaporated and can be ignited by electric sparks.
In Europe after the Second World War, cars were modified together to run on kerosene rather than gasoline, which they had to import and pay high taxes. In addition to additional piping and switches between fuels, headgear is replaced with a thicker one to reduce the compression ratio (making the engine less robust and less efficient, but can run on kerosene). The required equipment is sold under the trademark "Econom".
During the fuel crisis of the 1970s, Saab-Valmet developed and produced the Saab 99 Petro series which uses kerosene, turpentine or gasoline. The project, code-named "Project Lapponia", was headed by Simo Vuorio, and towards the end of the 1970s, a working prototype was produced based on Saab 99 GL. The car was designed to run with two fuels. Gasoline is used to start cold and when extra energy is needed, but usually it uses kerosene or turpentine. The idea is that gasoline can be made from peat using the Fischer-Tropsch process. Between 1980 and 1984, 3,756 Saab 99 Petros and 2,385 Talbot Horizons (Chrysler Horizon versions that integrate many Saab components) were created. One reason for producing kerosene-fueled cars is that in Finland kerosene is heavier than gasoline.
Kerosene is used to fuel outboard motors of smaller-horsepower built by Yamaha Motors, Suzuki Marine, and Tohatsu. Mainly used on small fishing vessels, this is a dual-fuel engine that starts with gasoline and then switches to kerosene after the engine reaches its optimum operating temperature. Some Evinrude and Mercury Racing fuels also burn kerosene, as well as jet fuel.
Currently, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines in some classes. One form of very fine fuel is known as RP-1, and is often burned with liquid oxygen as a rocket fuel. This fuel grade kerosen meets the specifications for smoke points and freezing points. The combustion reaction can be estimated as follows, with the molecular formula C 12 H 26 (dodecane):
2 C 12 H 26 ( l ) 37 O 2 ( g ) Â -> 24 CO 2 ( g ) Â 26 H 2 O ( g ); ? H ? Â = -7513 kJ
In the initial phase of launch, the Saturn V launch vehicle is powered by a liquid oxygen reaction with RP-1. For five 6.4 sea level meganewtons thrusting an F-1 rocket engine from Saturn V, burning together, the reaction yielded about 1.62 × 10 11 watt (J/s) 162 gigawatts) or 217 million horsepower.
Oil is sometimes used as an additive in Solar fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures.
Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a special mixed fuel used by the New York City Transit Authority to drive its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of low-sulfur diesel diesel, which has since become standard. In 2008, custom fuel suppliers failed to tender for the extension of transit agency contracts, leading to negotiated contracts at significantly increased costs.
JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") kerosene-based fuel, used by the United States military as a substitute for diesel-fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also used by the US military and its NATO allies as fuel for heating, stove, tank and as a substitute for diesel fuel in the engine of almost all tactical land vehicles and electric generators.
In chemistry
Kerosene is used as a diluent in the PUREX extraction process, but is increasingly replaced by dodecane. In X-ray crystallography, kerosene can be used to store crystals. When the hydrated crystals are left in the air, dehydration can occur slowly. This makes the color of the crystal to be dull. Kerosene can keep air from crystals.
It can also be used to prevent air from dissolving in boiling liquids, and to store alkali metals such as potassium, sodium, and rubidium (with the exception of lithium, which is less dense than kerosene, causing it to float).
In entertainment
Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industry for fire shows, such as fire breathing, juggling fire or poi, and fire dancing. Since the temperature of the low flame when burned in the free air, the risk is lower if the offender comes into contact with the flame. Kerosene is generally not recommended as a fuel for indoor fire dancing, as it produces an unpleasant odor (for some), which becomes toxic in sufficient concentration. Ethanol is sometimes used instead, but the fires it produces look less impressive, and the underlying flash point poses a high risk.
In industry
As an oil product that can be mixed with many industrial liquids, kerosene can be used as a solvent, able to remove other oil products, such as chains grease, and as lubricants, with less combustion risk when compared to using gasoline. It can also be used as a cooling agent in the production and maintenance of metals (oxygen-free conditions).
In the petroleum industry, kerosene is often used as a synthetic hydrocarbon for corrosion experiments to simulate crude oil in field conditions.
Kerosene is an effective pesticide, kills various insects, especially bed fleas and head lice. This can also be applied to puddles to kill mosquito larvae. It includes the insect respiratory spirulsion with a thin film of oil, which prevents oxygen exchange, strangling the insects.
More
Kerosene can be applied topically on mucus or hard-to-remove adhesives left by stickers on glass surfaces (such as in shop windows).
This can be used to remove wax that has dripped onto the glass surface; it is recommended that excess wax be scraped before applying kerosene through a damp cloth or tissue paper.
This can be used to clean the chain of bicycles and motorcycle lubricant long before relubrication.
It can also be used for thin oil-based paints used in fine arts. Some artists even use it to clean their brushes; However, it leaves the oily feathers to the touch.
Toxicity
Ingestion of kerosene is dangerous or fatal. Kerosene is sometimes recommended as a traditional medicine to kill hair fleas, but health agencies warn this because it can cause severe burns and illness. Kerosene shampoo can even be fatal if smoke is inhaled.
People can be exposed to kerosene at work by inhaling, swallowing, skin contact, and eye contact. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit of 100 m/m 3 for 8 hours.
See also
- Aviation fuel
- Equivalent gallon gasoline
- List of CO 2 emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels
- Tractor oil evaporates
References
Note
External links
- "Kerosene", Webster's Online Dictionary
- Articles about Gesner
- Primary Fuel Oil
- San Diego Union-Tribune Articles
- Material Safety Data Sheet
- CDC - NIOSH A Pocket Guide for Chemical Hazards
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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