Texaco, Inc. (" Texa s Co mpany ") is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also has a brand of Havoline motor oil. Texaco was an independent company until its purification operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company. It started as a Texas Fuel Company , founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, Walter Benona Sharp, and Arnold Schlaet on oil discovery at Spindletop.
Over the years, Texaco was the only company that sold the same brand of gas in all 50 US states, as well as Canada, making it the most true national brand among its competitors. It was also one of the Seven Sisters who dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. The current logo shows a white star in a red circle (a reference to the only star of Texas), leading to a long-running advertising jingle "You can trust your car to people who wear stars" and "American Star of the Road." The company is headquartered in Harrison, New York, near White Plains, before the merger with Chevron.
The Texaco gas is equipped with Techron, an additive developed by Chevron, in 2005, replacing the previous CleanSystem3. The Texaco brand is strong in the US, Latin America and West Africa. It has a presence in Europe as well; for example, a well-known UK retail brand, with about 850 Texaco branded service stations.
Video Texaco
Histori
1901-38: Permulaan
Texaco was founded in Beaumont, Texas as the Texas Fuel Company in 1902. In 1905, an operation was established in Antwerp, Belgium, under the name Continental Petroleum Company, which gained control in 1913. The following year, Texaco moved to a new office in Houston at corner of San Jacinto and Rusk. In 1928, Texaco became the first US oil company to sell its gasoline nationally under one brand name in 48 states (50 states after Alaska and Hawaii joined the Union in 1959).
In 1931, Texaco purchased the Indian Oil Company, based in Illinois. It expanded Texaco's refining and marketing bases in the Midwest and also gave Texaco the right to Havoline Indian motor oil, which became Texaco's product. The following year, Texaco introduced the National Fire Department's gasoline, so-called "super-octane" motor fuel that was touted as meeting or exceeding government standards for gasoline for fire engines and other emergency vehicles. It was promoted through the NBC radio program hosted by Ed Wynn, called the Head of the Texaco Fire.
In 1936, Texas Corporation purchased Barco oil concessions in Colombia, and formed a joint venture with Socony-Vacuum, now Cars, to develop it. Over the next three years, the company was involved in a very challenging project to dig wells and build pipelines to shore through the mountains and then through uncharted marshes and forests. During this time, Texaco also illegally supplied General Franco fascist factions in the Spanish Civil War, despite a federal fine, totaling 3,500,000 barrels (560,000 m 3 ) of oil.
Also in 1936, marketing operations in eastern Suez (including Asia, East Africa, and Australasia) were placed in a joint venture with Standard Oil Company of California - Socal (Chevron) under the Caltex brand name, in return for Socal to place its Bahrain refinery and Arab oil fields into the venture. The following year, Texaco commissioned industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague to develop the design of a modern service station.
In 1938, Texaco introduced Sky Chief gasoline, a premium fuel developed from the ground up as high-octane gasoline rather than just ethylized ordinary products. In 1939, Texaco became one of the first oil companies to introduce a "Registered Dining Room" program to ensure that toilet facilities at all national Texaco stations maintain hygiene standards for the general public.
1939-63: Texas Company for Texaco, Inc.
After the Second World War in 1939, the rogue CEO of Texaco, Torkild Rieber, Hitler's admirer, hired a pro-Nazi assistant who sent information "a secret code about ships departing from New York to England and what they charge." This espionage easily allowed Hitler to destroy the ships. In 1940, Rieber was forced to resign when his relationship with Nazism Germany, and his illegitimate oil supply to the fascist forces during the Spanish Civil War was published by the Herald Tribune through information generated by the British Security. Coordination. Life Magazine described Rieber's resignation as unfair, suggesting that he only dined with Westrick, and lent him a company car.
During the war, Texaco was ranked 93rd among US companies in terms of contracts for military production. In 1947, Caltex expanded to include Texaco's marketing operations in Europe. That same year, Texaco merged his British operations with Trinidad Leaseholds under the name of the Bupati; he gained full control of the Bupati in 1956, but the Bupati's brand remained in use until 1968-9. In 1954, the company added Petrox detergent additives to the gasoline "Sky Chief", which was also polished with a higher octane to meet the anticnock needs of new cars with high compression engines. The following year, Texaco became the sole sponsor of The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC-TV. In 1959, the Texas Company changed its name to Texaco, Inc. to better reflect the value of the Texaco brand, which represents the biggest US gasoline sales brand and the only marketer selling gasoline under one brand name in all 50 states. The company also acquired McColl-Frontenac Oil Company Ltd. from Canada and changed its name to Texaco Canada Limited. Around this time, Paragon Oil, the major oil distribution company in the northeast US, was acquired.
1964-98: Businesses
In 1964, Texaco introduced the design of a "Matawan" service station at a station in Matawan, New Jersey. Two years later, Texaco replaced the old banjo mark with a new hexagon logo that had previously been marketed with the "Matawan" station design introduced two years earlier. The new logo shows a red line with TEXACO in bold black and a small banjo logo with a red star and a green T at the bottom. The following year, the name of the Bupati was replaced by Texaco at the British gas station. In 1970, in response to increasingly stringent federal emissions standards that would eventually lead to unleaded gasoline mandates in 1975 and models of cars and trucks, Texaco introduced lead-free Texaco as the first octane-free gasoline at stations in the Los Angeles area and throughout Southern California. The lead-free Texaco became available nationally in 1974. On November 20, 1980, the Peigneur Lake/Jefferson Island disaster took place. Two years later, a new service station design was introduced. Some of the product names were also changed with the advent of self-service including free Timaco Texaco to Texaco Without Lead, Fire Chief to Regular Texaco, and Tin Free Head for Super Texaco without Lead.
In 1982, Texaco Canada Limited merged with Texaco Explorations Canada Limited to form Texaco Canada Incorporated, with headquarters in Toronto.
On 19 November 1985, Pennzoil won a $ 10.53 billion verdict against Texaco in the largest civil ruling in US history. This is due to the fact that Texaco signed a contract signed to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil signed an unsigned, yet still binding, contract with Gordon Getty. In 1987, Texaco filed for bankruptcy. This is the largest in US history until 2001.
In January 1989, Texaco and Saudi Aramco agreed to form a joint venture known as Star Enterprise in which Saudi Aramco would own 50% of Texaco's refining and marketing operations in the eastern US and Gulf Coast. In 1989, Texaco introduced System3 gasoline at all three fuel levels, featuring the latest detergent additive technology to improve performance by reducing the sediment that clogs the fuel injection system. Toronto-based Toronto-based Texaco Canada Incorporated to Imperial Oil with all retail operations of Texaco Canada converted to Esso brand. Two years later, the company was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 1991, Canadian non-retail operations became Texaco Canada Petroleum Incorporated with headquarters in Calgary, Alberta. In 1993, several dozen ethnic and resident leaders from the Ecuadorian Amazon filed a class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of areas and rivers around Ecuador's offshore drilling site in Texaco, causing toxic contamination of about 30,000 occupants.
In 1994, gasoline System3 Texaco was replaced by new CleanSystem3 gasoline for better engine performance. In 1995, Texaco combined the downstream operations of Denmark and Norway with Norsk Hydro operations under the brand new HydroTexaco. The joint venture was sold in 2007 for the benefit of the Norwegian retail as YX Energy, after the purchase of Hydro by Statoil. In 1996, Texaco paid more than $ 170 million to settle the racial discrimination lawsuits filed by black employees in the company. It was the largest settlement of the racial discrimination lawsuit in the US at the time, and severely damaged Texaco's public relations when the tapes released contained ethnic slurs used repeatedly by corporate officers at high-level corporate meetings.
1999-present: Chevron Corporation
In 1999, the company formed a joint venture Equilon with Shell Oil Company, combining the refining and marketing of the Western and Western Central United States. This led to the Supreme Court's anti-monopoly case of 2006 from Texaco Inc. v. Dagher , which frees Texaco and Shell from any antitrust duty related to Equilon gasoline pricing. In the same year, another joint venture, Motiva, was formed with Shell Oil Company and Saudi Aramco where Star Enterprise operations combined with Shell purification and marketing operations on the East coast and US Gulf Coast. On February 8, 2002, Chevron Corporation joined Texaco and Shell acquired Texaco shares in a joint venture of Equilon and Motiva. Shell began to convert the Texaco station into a Shell brand the following year. In July 2004, Chevron regained non-exclusive rights on behalf of Texaco's brand in the US. The following year, in August, Texaco introduced the Techron additives into fuel in the US and parts of Latin America. In 2007, Delek Benelux took over marketing activities for Chevron at Benelux, including 869 gas stations, mostly under the Texaco brand. Chevron Corporation also sells Conoco station in Mississippi under the brand name Texaco. Texaco Canada Petroleum Incorporated was dissolved in 2008 with Texaco out of the Canadian market. In 2010 Texaco ended its retail operations in Mid-Atlantic USA, removing its brand from 450 stations in Delaware, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, D.C.
Maps Texaco
Corporate headquarters
Prior to the merger, the headquarters of Texaco, a 750,000 square foot (70,000 m 2 ) building, was in Harrison, New York, near White Plains. In 2002, Chevron sold the former Texaco headquarters to Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley bought the building and 107 acres in the vicinity (0.43 km 2 ) for $ 42 million.
Texaco rented 14 floors of the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City in the 1930s. As part of a lease agreement with Texaco, it opened the Cloud Club, a restaurant area for executives. Texaco moved to Westchester County, New York, in 1977. It contributed to the closure of the Cloud Club in 1979.
In popular culture
A location is used in the opening scene Cheech & amp; Film Chong's Next at 6407 West Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, where the main characters Cheech and Chong siphon gasoline from a tow truck. Jack in the Box is now standing at that location.
In Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II , a Texaco station at the center of Hill Valley was shown in 1955, 1985, and 2015.
In the science-fiction short story of Stephen King "The Jaunt", Texaco is in the future and has shifted from oil sales to water.
Sponsors
Texaco is associated with Havoline oil motor brands and other automotive products. It was one of NASCAR's many drivers sponsors, like Davey Allison, Ernie Irvan, Dale Jarrett; Kenny Irwin, Jr.; Ricky Rudd, Jamie McMurray, Casey Mears, and Juan Pablo Montoya. Texaco recently sponsored the # 42 Dodge driven by Montoya. Havoline continued to sponsor cars from the early 1980s to 2008. At the end of the 2008 season, Texaco/Havoline officially ended their sponsorship with NASCAR and Chip Ganassi Racing. This put an end to 20 years of relationship with sports.
Texaco has also been involved in open-wheel racing, sponsoring the Texaco Houston Grand Prix along with sponsors of drivers like Indianapolis 500 champion Mario Andretti and his son Michael.
In Formula One, Texaco sponsored Team Lotus in 1972 and 1973, and McLaren from 1974 to 1978. The company returned to Grand Prix racing on a smaller scale in 1997, with their brand appearing on the Stewart SF01 car. Their relationship with the team and his successor, Jaguar Racing, continued until the end of 2001.
Texaco sponsors the Walkinshaw Racing Rover Vitesse plant team at the 1985 and 1986 European Touring Car Championships (ETCC) under their Bastos brand, and Ford Sierra RS500 factory car entered by the Eggenberger Motorsport World Championship Tour 1987 (plus 1988 ETCC and European championships other). Texaco also sponsored a car at the 1987 World Rally Championships.
From 1987-1993, Texaco was the main sponsor (through their Australian Caltex branch) Colin Bond Racing in Australia's first tour car race with a turbo Alfa Romeo 75 in 1987, then Ford Sierra RS500 from 1988-1992 and then Toyota in 1993 From from 2000 to 2007, it was the title sponsor of Stone Brothers Racing with Russell Ingall winning the 2005 championship. In 2016, Caltex became the main sponsor of Triple Eight Race Tech from Craig Lowndes, having previously sponsored the team association.
Texaco has long been associated with Metropolitan Opera as its sole radio broadcast sponsor for 63 years. It was also identified with entertainment legends such as Ed Wynn, Fred Allen and Milton Berle (many of their shows originally sponsored by Texaco - see Texaco Star Theater, which includes sponsorship lyrics of the opening theme: "We men from Texaco, We work from Maine to Mexico... "). The Berle program is broadcast in the same time slot as Fulton J. Sheen's religious program for a while, leading to the often quoted Berle quote, "We both have the same boss - Sky Chief!"
From 1984 to 1998, Texaco was the main sponsor of One Day International's major cricket tournament in the UK, the Texaco Trophy. It also sponsors the Texaco Cup, a soccer tournament for British Isles clubs.
Environmental issues
From 1965-1993, Texaco participated in a consortium to develop the Lago Agrio oil field in Ecuador. It has been accused of extensive environmental damage from this operation, and faces legal claims from both private plaintiff and Ecuadorian government. The case has been widely publicized by environmental activists and is the subject of Crude, the 2009 documentary by Joe Berlinger. Chevron claims that it is unfairly targeted as a deep pocket defender, when the real responsibility lies with the government and its national oil company, Petroecuador.
NiMH chemistry used in modern hybrid vehicles was created by the founders of ECD Ovonics, Stan Ovshinsky, and Dr. Masahiko Oshitani from Yuasa Company In 1994, General Motors acquired a keen interest in the development and manufacturing of Ovonics batteries. On October 10, 2001, Texaco bought GM shares at GM Ovonics, and Chevron completed the acquisition of Texaco six days later. In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into Cobasys, a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron's Conversion Tool Ovonics and Energy Conversion (ECD). Chevron's influence over Cobasys surpassed the tight 50/50 joint venture. Chevron holds a 19.99% interest in Ovonics ECD. In addition, Chevron reserves the right to retrieve all of Cobasys intellectual property rights if OCDon OCD does not fulfill its contractual obligations. On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that OCDON OCD has not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputes this claim. Since then, arbitration trials have been repeatedly postponed while the parties are negotiating with unknown buyers. No deal reached with potential buyers. The Cobasys patent related to NiMH battery ends in 2015.
In the Plug-in Hybrids: The American Rechargeable Car , published in February 2007, Sherry Boschert argues that NiMH batteries are commercially viable but commercially viable Cobasys refuses to sell or license them to small companies or individuals. Boschert argues that Cobasys only received a very large order for this battery. When Boschert undertook his research, major car makers showed little interest in large orders for large format NiMH batteries. However, Toyota employees complain about the difficulty of getting smaller orders of large-format NiMH batteries to service the existing 825 RAV-4EV. Since no other company is willing to make big orders, Cobasys is not manufacturing or licensing large-format NiMH battery technology for automotive purposes. Boschert concluded that "it is possible that Cobasys (Chevron) extinguished all access to large NiMH batteries through its control of patent licenses to throw competitors into gasoline, or perhaps Cobasys simply wanted the market for itself and was waiting for the major automaker to start producing hybrid plug- in or electric vehicles. "
In an interview with Economist, Ovshinsky subscribed to the previous view. "I thought we were at ECD, we made the mistake of having a joint venture with the oil company, frankly And I think it's not a good idea to do business with someone whose strategy will get you out of business instead of building a business."
In December 2006, Cobasys and General Motors announced that they had signed a contract in which Cobasys provides NiMH batteries for the Saturn Aura hybrid sedan. In March 2007, GM announced that it would use Cobasys NiMH batteries at the 2008 Chevrolet Malibu hybrid as well.
In October 2007, International Acquisitions Services, Inc. and Innovative Transportation Systems AG filed a lawsuit against Cobasys and his parents for refusing to fill a large order previously approved for large format NiMH batteries to be used in Innovan electric.
In August 2008, Mercedes-Benz AS International Inc. filed a lawsuit against Cobasys claiming that Cobasys did not provide an agreed battery to build for the planned Mercedes-Benz hybrid SUV.
Cobasys was sold in 2009 to SB Li Motive, which is a joint venture formed by Bosch and Samsung to develop lithium ion batteries for automotive applications. The selling price is not disclosed. The German-Korean company will integrate Cobasys as a subsidiary of North American companies. Cobasys will supply batteries to the new Mercedes ML450 hybrid.
See also
- Chevron Corporation
- Caltex - a joint venture between Texaco and Chevron, now the main international brand name of Chevron Corporation
References
External links
- Official website
- Decided Texaco Car
- Texaco Xpress Lube
- Havoline
- Chevron
- The Bupati
- World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for a Government Handout," April 2006.
- Texaco Alumni Site
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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