A urinal ( US: , UK: ) is a sanitary pipe fittings to remove small water only, mainly used by men. Can be a container or just a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing, or without water flush as it does for urinal without water.
Different types of urinals, whether for single users or through design for many users, are often intended to be used from a standing position (rather than squat or sitting), but designs are meant to be used with other postures. This term may also apply to small buildings or other structures that contain such equipment. It may also refer to small containers where urine can be collected for medical analysis, or for use where access to toilet facilities is not possible, such as in small planes, during extended reconnaissance, or to lie in bed.
Urinal women also exist in the market but not widespread. It is possible for a woman to use a male urinal with a female urinal. This is not common though because of sex segregation in public toilets.
Video Urinal
Description
In busy toilets, urinals are installed for efficiency: compared to urinating in public toilets, faster use because in the room there are no additional doors, no locks, and no seats to appear; also urinal takes less space, simpler, and consumes less water per flush (or even no water at all) than flush toilets. Urinal can also come at different heights, to accommodate high and short users, men or boys. There is often a privacy barrier between the urinals.
Common urinary tracts usually have a plastic net shield, which can optionally contain odor-removing urinal deodorizing block or "urinal cake". The mesh is intended to prevent solid objects (such as cigarette butts, feces, chewing gum, or paper) from being flushed and possibly causing the termination of plumbing. In some restaurants, bars, and clubs, ice can be placed in the urinal, serving some of the same goals as the odor-removing block without removing odorless chemicals.
Posture for urinal users is usually a standing position, except for urinal designed for female users who can be used more than a "float" position (partial squat), or even a full squat position.
Settings
Urinal for high throughput capacity is part of an efficiently designed small room architecture. A large number of them are usually installed along public supply pipes and drain. There may or may not be a partition installed for privacy.
Urinal in high-capacity washrooms are usually arranged in one or more rows directly opposite the door, so the user has their backs for the person who enters or stands outside. Urinal on the road can be arranged in a circle, with all users facing center, with partition high enough so they can not wet each other, and usually high enough so that they can not see again. In street urinal with screen or outer wall, user can stand back to back.
Often, one or two urinal, usually at one end of a long row, will be installed lower than the other; they are meant for people with disabilities and other users who can not reach the normal urinal. In facilities where people of varying heights are present, such as school, the urinal that extends to the floor level can be used to allow anyone of any height to use any urinal.
Instead of individual equipment, through urinal can be installed. This design can be used by a number of people simultaneously, but they do not allow much privacy. They are often installed where there is a high peak demand, such as at school, music festivals, theater events, sports stadiums, discos, dance clubs, and conference buildings.
Urinal was once installed exclusively in commercial or institutional settings, but is now also available for private homes. They offer the advantages of large water savings in residential lots of residents, and "spark back" reductions, making cleaning easier.
Maps Urinal
Urinal with flushing
Most urinals commonly incorporate a water rinsing system to rinse urine from the device bowl, to prevent foul odors. Flush can be triggered by one of several methods:
Manual handling
This type of flush can be considered a standard in the United States. Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the flush, with the user expected to operate it as they go. Such a direct-controlled system is the most efficient, provided that a patron remembers to use it. This is far from certain, however, often for fear of touching the handle, which lies too high to kick. Urine with leg-activated flushing system is sometimes found in areas with high traffic; the system has a button that is set to the floor or pedal on the wall with ankle height. Americans with Disabilities Act require that the flush valve be installed no more than 44 inches (110 cm) AFF (above the finished floor). In addition, the urinal should be installed no higher than 17 inches (43 cm) AFF, and has a tapered and elongated rim that protrudes at least 14 inches (36 cm) from the wall. This allows the user in a wheelchair to straddle the urinal lips and urinate without having to "bow" the flow of urine to the top.
Some urinals are equipped with a water-efficient "dual-flush" handle, which uses as much water as pushed up, and operates a standard full flush when pressed down. The handle is often green to alert the user to this feature.
Disbursement
In Germany, England, France, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, and parts of Sweden and Finland, manual flush handles are unusual. In contrast, the traditional system is a periodical watering that operates automatically at regular intervals. Groups of up to ten or more urinal will be connected to one additional water tank, which contains a timing mechanism. Water droplets continuously fill the cistern until the tipping point is reached, when the valve is open (or siphon begins to dry the furnace), and all the urinals in the group are rinsed. Electronic controls that perform the same functions are also used.
This system requires no action from its users, but waste of water when toilets are used irregularly. However, in these countries users are very familiar with automated systems, which try to install manual guidance to conserve water is generally unsuccessful. Users ignore it not through intentional laziness or fear of infection, but because activating flush is not uncommon.
To help reduce water use when toilets are closed, some toilets with timed flushing use electric water valves connected to a toilet light switch. When the building is used actively during the day and the lights are on, the watering time is operating normally. At night when the building is closed, the lights are off and the rinsing action stops.
Shortcut set at door
This is an older, more efficient water-saving watering method, which only operates when the room is in use. The push-button switch is installed on the frame of the toilet door, and triggers the flush valve for all urinal restrooms each time the door is opened. Although it can not detect individual urinal use, it provides a reasonable rinse action without wasting a lot of water when the restroom is not used. This method requires a spring-operated automatic door closer, because the flush mechanism only operates when the toilet door is open.
Alternatively, a flushing system connected to the opening of the toilet door can calculate the number of users and operate when the count reaches a certain value. At night, the door was never open, so the rinsing never happened.
Automatic flush
Automatic electronic watering solves the problem of previous approaches, and is common in new installs. The passive infrared sensor identifies when the urinal has been used, by detecting when a person has stood in front of it and moved away, and then activating the flush. There is usually a small override button, to allow for optional manual flushing.
Automatic flush facility can be installed to existing system. Manually operated valves from the manual system can be replaced with self-designed, self-designed electrics valves, often battery-powered to avoid the need to add cables. A longer extended time extension can add a device that controls the flow of water to the tank according to the overall detected activity in the room. This does not provide automatic per-flushing of automatic per-equipment, but is simple and inexpensive to add because only one device is required for the entire system.
To prevent false-trigger from automatic flush, most infrared detectors require a detected presence for at least five seconds, such as when someone is standing in front of it. This prevents the entire line of automatic flush units from triggering in succession if one just walks past it. The automatic flush mechanism also usually awaits the presence to get out of the sensor range before watering. This reduces water use, compared to sensors that will trigger continuous flushing action throughout the time of detected presence.
Urinal without water
Since about the 1990s urinal is available in markets that do not use water at all. This is called urinal without water or urinal flushless.
The first waterless urinal was developed at the end of the 19th century by German-Austrian Wilhelm Beetz using an oil-based siphon with a liquid called Urinol.
Urinal without water can save between 15,000 to 45,000 US gallons (57,000 and 170,000 l) of water per urinal per year, depending on the amount of water used in the water-based urinal for comparison purposes, and the number of uses per day. For example, these numbers assume that the urinal will be used between 40 and 120 times per business day.
Urinal without water allows the collection of pure pure urine that can be used as a fertilizer (see also ecological sanitation and reuse of excreta).
Odor control
The waterless urinal model introduced by the Waterless Company in 1991 and others in 2001 by Falcon Waterfree Technologies and the Sloan Valve Company, as well as Duravit, uses a trap insertion filled with liquid sealants instead of water. Sealants that are lighter than water float above urine collected at U-bend, preventing the smell from being released into the air. Cartridges and sealants should be replaced periodically.
Urinal without water can also use an outlet system that triggers the smell, preventing the smell often present in the toilet block. Another method for removing odors is introduced by Caroma, which installs blockbusters in their no-water urinal that are activated during use.
Waterless urinal odor control is also achieved with simple one-way valves that are produced as flat rubber tubes (open tubes when urine flows through) or with two "curtains" of silicon pieces. The first was used in waterless urinal by Keramag company in Germany (Centaurus model) and was last marketed by Addicom company in South Africa calling it EcoSmellStop device.
Apps
Urinal without water can be installed in high traffic facilities, and in situations where the provision of water supplies may be difficult or where water conservation is desired.
Urinal without water has become common in Germany since about 2009 and can be found in restaurants, cinemas, road stops, train stations, and so on. It is estimated in 2009 that there were about 6 million urinos in Germany, and about 100,000 of them were the type without water in that year.
Due to the high water level restrictions during about 2005-2008 the Brisbane city council, Australia ordered the conversion to the urinal without water. The urinal flush is currently rarely seen in Brisbane.
Installation and maintenance
Drainage pipes from urinal without water need to be properly installed in terms of diameter, slope and pipe material to prevent the buildup of struvite ("urine stone") and calcium phosphate deposits in the pipe, which will lead to blockage and may require costly repairs.. Also, pure urine is corrosive to metals (except for stainless steel), which is why plastic pipes are generally preferred for urine exhaust pipes.
Most urinal without water does not prevent unsightly coloration on the urinal surface, and periodic cleaning of the fixture and surrounding areas is still required. When maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, well-designed waterless urine does not smell more than reddish urine. However, some odor-trapping devices work better than others in the long run. Regular and thorough care of each odor control device is required for all types of urinal without water, as recommended by the manufacturer.
Situation in United States
US federal law has mandated no more than a gallon per flush since 1994, and the EPA estimates that the average urinal flushes 20 times per day, which gives an average water use of 7,300 gallons (28,000 liters) per year. Mechanical traps are not permitted by US building regulations but are allowed in many other countries.
The plumber union initially opposed the urinal without water, citing concerns about health and safety, which have been denied by scientists who have studied the device. Facing opposition to their efforts to have the device allowed in plumbing code, manufacturers are designing compromises. Uniform Plumbing Code is modified to allow a waterless urinal to be installed, provided that unneeded drains keep running to the back of the urinal. This allows the conventional water rinsing urine to be reinstalled later, if the model without water is judged unsatisfactory over time.
In March 2006, the Associated Press reported that the Philadelphia plumber union became angry that Liberty Property Trust developers had decided to use waterless urinal at Comcast Center. Many in the union believe that this will cause fewer jobs for them. Developers cited save the city 1.6 million US gallons (6,100,000 I) of water per year as a deciding factor.
In February 2010, the California EPA headquarters removed the waterless urine that was installed in 2003 for "hundreds of complaints", including odors and urine scattered on the floor. Officials blame the project's failure on incompatibility with existing building pipe systems.
Street urinal
In some places, the urinal may be located on public sidewalks or in public areas such as parks. Urinal is often equipped with partitions for the sake of privacy. They may or may not be equipped with a water rinsing mechanism.
The Netherlands has a number of urinalized roads strategically placed in various cities, which are intended to reduce public urination by drunk people. Some urinals can be pulled to the ground during the day or between special occasions, to save space when they are not expected to be needed. When closed they look like a big manhole on the sidewalk. Retractable models such as models by the Dutch company Urilift, are also seen in the UK and other countries. At night when their open bars rise from the sidewalk; moments after the bar closes, urinal returns to their manhole configuration so they are invisible to people during the day.
In the Philippines, Marikina was the first city to install street urinals in the late 1990s. When Mayor Marikina Bayani Fernando was appointed chairman of the Manila Development Authority, he installed urinals on the road across Metro Manila as well.
Urinal special
Urinal designed for women
In the Western world, women are generally taught to sit or squat while urinating. Therefore many do not know how - or even perhaps - for a woman to direct her urine flow as needed to use a male urinal. Thus, different types of urinalities have been designed for women who do not require users to direct their urine flow. A typical female user can approach a urinal like a squat back on it without having to try to steer the flow.
Interactive art and urinal affairs
Kisses! is a controversial urinal designed by Dutch women designer Meike van Schijndel. Shaped like a pair of red lips open. In early March 2004, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was offended by a new urinal that Virgin Atlantic Airways decided to install at the Virgin Atlantic clubhouse at JFK Airport in New York City. After receiving many angry phone calls from female customers, Virgin Atlantic Vice President John Riordan called NOW to apologize. The protesters suspect a connection with oral sex or urolagnia, and based on their complaints about the urinal being sexist. A McDonald's restaurant in Holland erased it after a customer complained to headquarters in the United States.
Interactive urinal has been developed in a number of countries, allowing users to entertain themselves while urinating. One example is Toylet, a video game system produced by Japanese Sega company that allows users to play video games using their urine to control the action on screen.
Emergency order
During military operations, such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, or Operation Desert Storm, "urinary tube" is used as an emergency urinal. To make one, the army would put a disposable water bottle at one end of a rigid pipe, burying the other end. Removing bottle bottom makes the funnel to be left at the right height. The stored urine is simply soaked into the soil; when the area becomes saturated, the device is moved.
Inside the vehicle
In 2008, aircraft manufacturer Airbus offered its customers the option of installing the urinal on its A380 aircraft.
History
Until the 1990s, the urinal road was a common sight in Paris (France), and by the 1930s over 1,200 were in service. They are famous among foreign tourists. The Parisians refer to them as vespasiennes , a name derived from the name of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, who, according to anecdotes, imposes a tax on urine. Beginning in the 1990s, vespasiennes (renowned for its smell and lack of cleanliness) was gradually replaced by Sanisettes. Today only one vespasienne is left in town (on Boulevard Arago), and it's still used regularly. They still exist in other French cities and in other countries.
Society and culture
Examples of urinals in popular culture include:
- Marcel Duchamp's
(1917), which some have called the most influential work of modern art, is the Urinal signed by Duchamp "R. Mutt". - The police in Nassau County, New York adopted a talking urinal in an anti-motion driving initiative. Using Wizmark, a talking display urinal screen, the police can provide a bar with free pre-programmed urinal messages, which urge customers not to drink and drive.
- Ernest Hemingway transforms the urinal from the Sloppy Joe bar into a fountain for his cat. The fountain remains a prominent feature in its former home in Key West, Florida, a popular tourist destination in the city.
- Pissoir , titled Urinal in some countries, is the first film directed by John Greyson. It was released in 1980 and took place in the toilet.
- Gabriel Chevallier's satirical novel in 1934 Clochemerle dealt with the consequences of a plan to install a new urinal in a French village. Indiana Urinalysis (1988) is a documentary on urinal problems. Topics include "urinal type, urinal etiquette, use of urinal cake, why urinal always white, urinal, toilet and urinal preferences for women, as well as a collection of urine anecdotes." It received a Citation Award from the Indiana Film Society in 1990.
Unusual or historical urinal gallery
See also
- Interactive Urinal Communicator
- Public toilet
- Sanistand
References
External links
- Urinal collections worldwide (eg, Berlin Wall, flowers, and at the South Pole)
- Waterless urinal photos around the world
- Urilift website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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