Oil heating is a low viscosity, a liquid oil product used as fuel oil for furnaces or boilers in buildings. Home heating oil is often abbreviated as HHO .
Heating oils comprise a hydrocarbon mixture derived from petroleum in the range of atoms of 14 to 20 carbon which condenses between 250 and 350 ° C (482 and 662 ° F) during oil refining. Heating oil condenses at lower temperatures than petroleum jelly, bitumen, wax, and lubricating oil, but at higher temperatures than kerosene, which condenses between 160-250 ° C (320 ° -482 ° F). The heavy hydrocarbon (C20) condenses between 340-400 Â ° C (644-752 Â ° F).
Heating oil produces 138,500 British thermal units per US gallon (38.6 MJ/l) and weighs 8.2 pounds per US gallon (0.95 kg/l). No. 2 fuel oil has a flash point 52Ã, Â ° C (126Ã, Â ° F).
Most heating oil products are chemically very similar to diesel fuels used as motor fuel. In many markets heating oil and on-road diesel fuel are the same products that are sold out of the same truck in well-labeled routes as either individual heated or dyeed oil depending on the person ordering the product. The legal difference between diesel and heating oil in the United States is sulfur allowance. Diesel for machinery and equipment should be under 15ppm sulfur content while heating oil should be below 500 ppm sulfur. This means both are often successfully exchanged for heating or boiler systems. However, taxation of both is different in many places, with heating oil subject to taxes less than motor fuel. This creates an incentive to buy heating oil at a lower price and then use it as a motor fuel, avoiding fuel taxes. To enable law enforcement, some visual differences or odor differences should be introduced to oil. Therefore, red dye is usually added, resulting in the name "red diesel" in countries like England. In the US, red dyed fuel oils are not taxed for highway use; dyes make it easy to identify its use in on-road vehicles (whereas diesel sold for motor fuel use is usually green). Since 2002, Solvent Yellow 124 has been added as a "Euromarker" in the European Union.
Heating oils are generally delivered by tank trucks to residential, commercial and municipal buildings and are stored in ground storage tanks ("AST") located in basements, garages, or outside adjacent to buildings. Sometimes stored in an underground storage tank (or "UST") but less frequently than AST. AST is used for smaller installations due to lower cost factors. Heating oil is used less often as an industrial fuel or for power generation.
Leakage from tanks and piping is an environmental problem. A variety of federal and state regulations are in place regarding proper transport, storage and burning of heating oil, which are classified as hazardous materials (HazMat) by federal regulators.
Video Heating oil
United States and Canada
Heating oil is known in the United States as No. 2 heating oil . In the US, it must comply with ASTM D396 standards. Diesel and kerosene, although often mistaken as similar or identical, must conform to their respective ASTM standards. Oil heating is widely used both in the United States and Canada. In the United States, biodiesel mixtures B5 (5% biodiesel) and B20 (20% biodiesel) are available in most markets as a lower and cleaner CO2 heating fuel.
Trading contracts of heating oil futures in units of 1,000 barrels (160 m 3 ) with minimum fluctuations of $ 0.0001 per gallon and (for the US) based on delivery in New York Harbor.
The Department of Energy tracks the price of homeowners paying for home heating fuel (oil and propane). There are also a number of websites that allow homeowners to compare the price per gallon they pay with Energy Department data as well as other consumers in their area. Likewise the US Energy Information Administration collects heating oil price statistics and maintains historical price data for all major US markets during each heating season. The US Department of Energy also supports research and development to heat oil technology through the National Oilheat Research Alliance. Additional information on the use of biodiesel heating oil can also be found on the National Biodiesel Board website.
Heating oil is mostly used in the northeast and northwest urban United States and the presence of a strong market in rural areas as well. Much of the northeastern heating oil comes from the Irving Oil refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada's largest oil refinery. Unlike other petroleum products, heating oil is mainly distributed to consumers through small family-owned businesses, rather than large oil companies. Although US distributors provide the Department of Energy an average price per gallon for their users, they typically do not list their prices on comparison sites, instead preferring to offer the most suitable property.
Maps Heating oil
Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
Oil heating is the most common fuel for home heating in Northern Ireland due to the final development of natural gas networks. General heating oil suppliers in Ireland are Maxol and Emo Oil.
English, Scottish, and Welsh
Heating oil is used for home heating in England, Scotland and Wales, usually in places away from gas. There are about 1.5 million people in the UK using oil for home heating. Britain has many heating oil suppliers ranging from major companies such as Conquest Oil Company and Crown Oil to local and independent heating oil suppliers such as J. R. Rix & amp; Children. Many villages may use groups of buyers to order heating oil at the same time, thus accessing lower costs. Many heating oil suppliers will choose to include their prices on independent heating oil price comparison sites. These sites attract users home heating oil and compare different local supplier prices to provide the lowest available price. In the UK and Northern Ireland, it is possible to search for prices based on the city name, county and postal code prefix.
The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) has directed the UK oil market to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for review. OFT has decided to look at the market structure, with a view of justice for consumers and alternative energy options for consumers outside the network such as heat pumps.
Regulation of heating oil reserves in the United Kingdom
Storage of heating oil in the UK is governed by regulations that ensure safe installation and use of oil storage tanks. It is a criminal offense to maintain a tank that violates this regulation, and the owner is liable for any fines, penalties, and expenses incurred as a result of oil spill clearance.
The regulations are designed to minimize the risk of harmful pollution and reduce the possibility of oil being stored in hazardous environments, such as buildings without appropriate fire safety measures. Regulations governing oil storage tanks are Pollution Control (Oil Storage) UK Regulations (2001), Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPG 2) and Building Regulations (Approved Document J).
Regulation of Oil Storage (2001) applies to oil tanks used for commercial and industrial purposes, or domestic tanks with a capacity of more than 3,500 liters. They state that the storage tank must be of "sufficient strength and structural integrity to ensure that it is not likely to explode or leak in ordinary use". The tank, together with filters, gauges, valves or ancillary equipment, shall be contained in a secondary or bund unit which has at least 110% of the capacity of the inner tank. If the tank has a charging pipe not present in the secondary unit, a drip tray shall be installed. They also require the use of automatic filling prevention if it is not "practical" to monitor the oil content in the tank.
Building Regulations Approved Document J covers the legal requirements for the installation of an inner tank. The regulation states that any new tank larger than 2,500 liters shall be stored in a bunded tank or secondary holder which is at least 110% of the tank capacity. If the tank is single-skinned and smaller than 2,500 liters, it should be given an individual pollution risk assessment site. It highlights any risk of pollution or hazards such as the possibility of oil exiting and reaching a river or river, or the risk of a collision if the storage tank is located near the road.
They further state that all tanks must be mounted on a surface strong enough to support a full storage tank. The surface should be flat, flat and fireproof, and should extend at least 300mm beyond the tank limit. The paving stone surface should be at least 42mm thick, and the concrete surface should be at least 100mm thick. The document also states that the tank should be located at least 1800 mm from potential hazards, such as doors, windows, disposal terminals, flameproof buildings such as garden fences, and at least 760 mm of smaller unburned structures. like a wooden fence.
Safe and secure tanks that comply with all regulations will look similar to the diagram above. It details the different parts of the tank that need to be checked to ensure the tank is legal, including where additional equipment should be placed and the presence of automatic filling prevention.
K-factor
The day degree system is based on the amount of fuel consumers consumed between two or more deliveries and high and low outside temperatures during the same period. One degree of day is defined as one degree of temperature below 65Ã, Â ° F in an average temperature of one day. In other words, to achieve the number of days in a day, the official high and low temperatures for that day should be obtained. The two numbers are then averaged, and the average number of units below 65 ° F is the number of days the title for that day. For example, if for Tuesday, November 3, high temperatures are 70 Â ° F and the lowest is 54 Â ° F, the average is found by adding 70 and 54, which is equal to 124, and then dividing by 2. The resulting figure , and by subtracting 62 from 65, determined that there was a three day Fahrenheit degree that day.
The K factor is the number of days of degrees in a given period divided by the number of gallons of fuel oil used in a given period. Multiplying the K degree of days per gallon with the amount of gallon of fuel that can be used remaining in the tank giving the number of degrees the day before the shipment is required.
See also
- Central oil storage
- Oil burner
- BBM price risk management
- Hazardous materials
- Heating, ventilation, and AC (HVAC)
- United States:
- The New England Fuel Institute
- Northern Heating Home Oil Reserves
Footnote
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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