Omega-6 fatty acids (also referred to as ? - 6 fatty acids or n-6 fatty acids ) are family of polyunsaturated fatty acids having the same carbon-carbon double bond in the n -6 position, that is, the sixth bond, calculated from the methyl end. Family members may have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects.
The biological effects of omega-6 fatty acids are largely generated during and after physical activity for the purpose of promoting growth and during inflammatory cascades to stop cell damage and promote cellular improvement by their conversion to omega-6 eicosanoids that bind to various receptors found in every tissue of the body.
Video Omega-6 fatty acid
Biochemistry
Linoleic acid (18: 2, <6> -6), the shortest-chain omega-6 fatty acids, is one of many essential fatty acids and is categorized as an essential fatty acid because the human body can not synthesise me. Mammalian cells do not have the enzyme omega-3 desaturase and therefore can not convert omega-6 fatty acids into omega-3 fatty acids. Eomega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are closely related as acting substrates that compete for the same enzyme. This outlines the importance of the proportion of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in food.
Omega-6 fatty acids are precursors to endocannabinoids, lipoxins, and certain eicosanoids.
Medical research on humans found a correlation (although the correlation does not imply a cause) between high intake of omega-6 fatty acids from vegetable oils and diseases in humans. However, biochemical research has concluded that air pollution, heavy metals, smoking, passive smokers, lipopolysaccharides, lipid peroxidation products (found mainly in vegetable oils, baked beans and roasted greasy beans) and other exogenous toxins initiate inflammatory responses in cells that lead to expression COX-2 enzyme and then transient production of inflammation promotes prostaglandin from arachidonic acid for the purpose of alerting the immune system from cellular damage and ultimately to the production of anti-inflammatory molecules (eg lipoxin & prostacyclin) during the inflammatory resolution phase , after cell damage has been repaired.
Maps Omega-6 fatty acid
Pharmacology
Conversion of arachidonic acid (20: 4n-6) cell membranes into omega-6 prostaglandins and omega-6 leukotriene eicosanoid during inflammation cascade provides many targets for pharmaceutical drugs to inhibit the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, asthma, arthritis, vascular disease, thrombosis, immune-inflammatory processes, and tumor proliferation. Competitive interaction with omega-3 fatty acids affects relative storage, mobilization, conversion and action of omega-3 and omega-6 eicosanoid precursors (see Interaction of essential fatty acids).
Recommended negative health effects
Several medical studies have shown that excessive levels of omega-6 fatty acids from seed oil relative to certain omega-3 fatty acids may increase the likelihood of a number of diseases.
Western modern diets typically have omega-6 to omega-3 ratios that exceed 10 to 1, some as high as 30 to 1; the average ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in the Western diet is 15: 1-16.7: 1. Humans are considered to have evolved with a 1-to-1 omega-3 to omega-3 ratio diet and an optimum ratio of 4 to 1 or lower, although some sources suggest a ratio as low as 1: 1. The 2-3: 1 ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 helps reduce inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The 5: 1 ratio has a beneficial effect in patients with asthma but a 10: 1 ratio has a negative effect. A 2.5: 1 ratio reduces rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, while a 4: 1 ratio has no effect.
Excess omega-6 fatty acids from vegetable oils interfere with the health benefits of omega-3 fats, in part because they compete for enzymes that limit the same rate. The high proportion of omega-6 to omega-3 fat in the diet shifts the physiological state in tissues leading to the pathogenesis of many diseases: prothrombotic, proinflammatory and proconstrictive.
Excessive redundant production of omega-6 eicosanoid is correlated with arthritis, inflammation, and cancer. Many of the drugs used to treat and manage these conditions work by blocking the effects of COX-2 enzymes. Many of the steps in the formation and action of omega-6 prostaglandins from omega-6 arachidonic acids progress more strongly than appropriate competitive steps in the formation and action of the omega-3 hormone from the omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. Drug inhibitors COX-1 and COX-2, used to treat inflammation and pain, work by preventing COX enzymes converting arachidonic acid into inflammatory compounds. (See Cyclooxygenase for more information.) LOX inhibitor drugs often used to treat asthma work by preventing the LOX enzyme from converting arachidonic acid to leukotriene. Many anti-mania medications used to treat bipolar disorder work by targeting arachidonic acid cascades in the brain.
High consumption of oxidized unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), found in most types of vegetable oils, may increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop breast cancer. A similar effect was observed in prostate cancer, but the study was conducted on mice. Other analyzes suggest an inverse relationship between total polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk, but monounsaturated fatty acids behave differently [from each other]. [...] 20: 2 linoleic acid derivatives [...] is inversely related to breast cancer risk ".
Omega-6 Consumption
Industry-sponsored studies have suggested that omega-6 fatty acids should be consumed in a ratio of 1: 1 to omega-3, although it has been observed that many individual diets are currently at a ratio of about 16: 1, especially from vegetable oils. Omega-6 and omega-3 are essential fatty acids metabolized by some of the same enzymes, and therefore a balanced ratio can affect how others are metabolized. In a study conducted by Ponnampalam, it is known that the feeding system has a great effect on the nutritional content of meat sold to consumers. Cynthia Doyle conducted an experiment to observe the fatty acid content of beef raised through grass feed versus eating grains; He concluded that grass-fed animals contain the omega-6: omega-3 ratio favored by nutritionists. In modern agriculture today, the main focus is on the quantity of production, which has lowered omega-3 content, and increases the omega-6 content, due to simple changes like grain-eating cows. In cows that feed the grains, this is a way to increase weight and prepare them for slaughter faster than eating grass. How to feed these modern animals may be one of the many indications why the omega-6: omega-3 ratio is increasing.
List of omega-6 fatty acids
It is interesting to note that the melting point of the fatty acid increases as the amount of carbon in the chain increases.
Need for dietary linoleic acid
Adding more controversy to the omega-6 fatty matter is that dietary requirements for linoleic acid have been questioned, due to a significant methodological error posed by University of Toronto scientist Stephen Cunnane. Cunnane proposed that semen research used to determine dietary requirements for linoleic acid was based on a dietary diet lacking linoleic acid, which simultaneously lacked omega-3 fats. Omega-3 deficiency is not taken into account. Omega-6 oils are systematically added back to remedy deficiencies also contain some omega-3 fats. Therefore, researchers have inadvertently corrected omega-3 deficiency as well. Finally, it takes more oil to fix both shortcomings. According to Cunnane, this error exaggerates the requirement of linoleic acid by 5 to 15 times.
Food source
Four major food oils (palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower) provide more than 100 million metric tons per year, providing more than 32 million metric tons of omega-6 linoleic acid and 4 million metric tons of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid.
The sources of omega-6 fatty acids include:
- birds
- eggs
- bean
- sesame seeds skinned
- cereals
- durum wheat
- whole-grain bread
- most vegetable oils
- grape seed oil
- evening oil primrose
- borage oil
- blackcurrant seed oil
- hemp oil/flax seed
- rapeseed or canola oil
- hemp oil
- soybean oil
- cotton seed oil
- sunflower seed oil
- corn oil
- safflower oil
- pumpkin seeds
Also see
- Essential fatty acids
- Important nutrition
- Linolenic acid
- Omega-3 fatty acids
- Omega-7 fatty acids
- Omega-9 fatty acids
- Wheat wheat oil
- Lipid peroxidation
- Inflammation
- Feeding animals
- Olive oil and counterfeit regulations
- The ratio of fatty acids in different foods
Notes and references
Additional resources
- Tokar, Steve (2005-09-02). "Omega-6 fatty acids cause prostate tumor cell growth in culture". Medical News Today . MediLexicon International . Earned 2008-03-23 ​​â € <â € .
- "The brains of fatty acid levels associated with depression." News-Medical.Net . AZoNetwork. 2005-05-25 . Earned 2008-03-23 ​​â € <â € . Ã,
- Tribole, E.F. (2006-03-27). "Omega-6 Fat Benefits Follows the Health Benefits of Omega-3 Fat". British Medical Journal Quick Response to Hooper, et al, 2006 . 332 (7544): 752 . Earned 2008-03-23 ​​â € <â € .
- Erasmus, Udo (1993). Fat Heals, Fat That Kills (3rd edition). Burnaby (BC): Alive Books. ISBN 978-0-920470-38-1.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments