Organic matter , organic materials , or natural organic materials ( NOM ) refers to a large pool of carbon-based compounds found in a natural, terrestrial, and aquatic environment. It is a material composed of organic compounds derived from the remnants of organisms such as plants and animals and its waste products in the environment. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. The basic structure is made from cellulose, tannins, cutin, and lignin, along with various proteins, lipids, and other carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.
Video Organic matter
Formation
The living organism consists of organic compounds. In life they remove or excrete organic materials into their environment, spilling parts of the body like leaves and roots and after the organism dies, its body is broken by the action of bacteria and fungi. Molecules of larger organic matter can be formed from polymerization of various parts of the already broken material. The organic composition of natural materials depends on their origin, mode of transformation, age, and environment, so their biophysical-chemical functions vary with different environments.
Maps Organic matter
Natural ecosystem function
Organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem. After lowering and reacting, he can move to the ground and mainstream water through the water. Organic materials provide nutrients to living organisms. Organic matter acts as a buffer in an aqueous solution to keep the pH neutral in the environment. The buffer acting component has been proposed to be relevant for neutralizing acid rain.
Source cycles
Most of the organic material that is not yet in the soil is derived from ground water. When ground water saturates the soil or sediment around it, organic materials can freely move between phases. Ground water has its own natural source of organic ingredients as well:
- "deposits of organic materials, such as kerogen and coal.
- soil and organic matter of sediment.
- organic matter infiltrated beneath the surface of rivers, lakes, and marine systems. "
Note that one source of groundwater organic matter is the soil organic matter and the organic matter of the sediment. The main method of movement to the ground is from groundwater, but organic matter from the soil moves to groundwater as well. Much of the organic matter in lakes, rivers, and water surfaces comes from deteriorating material in the water and surrounding beaches. However, organic materials can enter into or out of water to the ground and sediment in the same way as with the soil.
Importance of cycle
Organic matter can migrate through soil, sediment, and water. This movement allows the cycle to form. Organisms break down into organic matter, which can then be transported and recycled. Not all biomass migrates, some more stationary, flipping over millions of years.
Soil organic matter
Organic matter in the soil comes from plants, animals and microorganisms. In the forest, for example, leaf litter and wood material fall to the forest floor. This is sometimes referred to as organic matter. When it decays to the point where it is no longer recognizable, it is called the soil organic matter. When the organic material has been broken down into a stable substance that retains further decomposition it is called humus. Thus the soil organic matter comprises all organic matter in the exclusive soil of a material that has not decomposed.
The essential property of soil organic matter is that it increases the soil's capacity to retain water and nutrients, and allows its slow release, thereby improving the conditions for plant growth. Another advantage of humus is to help the soil to stick together that allows nematodes, or microscopic bacteria, to easily decompose the nutrients in the soil.
There are several ways to increase the amount of humus quickly. Combining compost, plant or animal/waste, or green manure with soil will increase the amount of humus in the soil.
- Compost: decomposed organic material.
- Plant and animal waste and materials: dead plants or plant waste such as leaves or shrubs and tree ornament or animal waste.
- Green manure: plant or plant material grown for single purpose combined with soil.
All three of these materials supply nematodes and bacteria with nutrients for them to grow and produce more humus, which will provide enough nutrients to survive and grow.
Priming Effects
The priming effect is characterized by intense changes in the natural process of the transition of soil organic matter (SOM), resulting from relatively moderate interventions with soil. This phenomenon is generally caused by either pulsed or continuous changes in fresh organic matter input (FOM). Priming effects usually result in accelerated mineralization due to triggers such as FOM inputs. The cause of this increased decomposition is often associated with increased microbial activity resulting from higher energy and the availability of nutrients removed from the FOM. After input from the FOM, specific microorganisms are believed to grow rapidly and only describe these newly added organic materials. The SOM turnover rate in these areas is at least one order of magnitude higher than the mass land.
Other soil treatments, in addition to organic material input, lead to short-term changes in rotation rates, including "mineral fertilizer input, exudation of organic matter by roots, only mechanical soil treatment or drying and wetting."
Priming effects can be either positive or negative depending on the soil reaction with the additives. The positive aperture effect produces mineralized acceleration while negative binding effects produce immobilization, leading to N unavailability. Although most changes have been documented in ponds C and N, the effects of feeding can also be found in phosphorus and sulfur, as well as other nutrients.
LÃÆ'¶hnis was the first to discover the initial effects phenomenon in 1926 through his study of the decomposition of green manure and its impact on legume plants on the ground. He noticed that when adding fresh organic residues to the soil, it resulted in intensive mineralization by humus N. It was not until 1953, though, that the term priming effect was given by Bingeman in his paper entitled, The effect of adding ingredients organic decomposition of organic soil . Several other terms have been used before priming effects are triggered, including priming actions, additional nitrogen interactions (ANIs), extra N and N additions. Despite this initial contribution, the concept of the pangasan effect is largely ignored. until around the 1980's 1990s.
Priming effects have been found in many different studies and are considered a common occurrence, appearing in most plant soil systems. However, the mechanisms that lead to early effects are more complex than originally thought, and still remain misunderstood in general.
Although there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the reasons for the initial effect, some undeniable facts have emerged from recent research pools:
- Initial effects can appear either instantly or very quickly (potentially for days or weeks) after the addition of a substance is made to the ground.
- Priming effects are greater in rich soils C and N than with the poor in these nutrients.
- Real priming effects have not been observed in sterile environments.
- The size of the binding effect increases with increasing number of treatments added to the soil.
Recent findings indicate that the same priming effect mechanisms that work in soil systems can also be present in an aquatic environment, indicating the need for a wider consideration of this phenomenon in the future.
Decomposition
One of the definitions of suitable organic matter is the biological material in the process of decomposition or decomposition, such as humus. A closer look at biological materials in the process of decay reveals what are called organic compounds (biological molecules) in the process of breaking out (disintegration).
The main process by which soil molecules are disintegrated is by enzymatic catalysis of bacteria or fungi. If bacteria or fungi do not exist on Earth, the process of decay will run much more slowly.
Organic chemistry
Measurements of organic materials generally only measure organic or carbon compounds, and so are only estimates of the level of matter that once lived or decomposed. Some definitions of organic matter also consider only "organic matter" to refer only to carbon content, or organic compounds, and do not consider the origin or decomposition of matter. In this sense, not all organic compounds are created by living organisms, and living organisms leave not only organic matter. Seashell shells, for example, while biotic, do not contain much organic carbon, so may not be considered organic matter in this sense. In contrast, urea is one of many organic compounds that can be synthesized without any biological activity.
Organic materials are heterogeneous and very complex. Generally, organic materials, in terms of weight, are:
- 45-55% carbon
- 35-45% oxygen
- 3-5% hydrogen
- 1-4% nitrogen
The molecular weight of these compounds can vary drastically, depending on whether they polymerize or not, from 200 to 20,000 amu. Up to one-third of the carbon present in aromatic compounds in which carbon atoms form a six-membered ring. This ring is very stable due to resonant stabilization, making it difficult to solve. Aromatic rings are also susceptible to electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks from electron donor materials or other electron reception, which explains the possibility of polymerisation to create larger molecules of organic matter.
There are also reactions that occur with organic materials and other materials in the soil to create compounds that have never been seen before. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to characterize this because very little is known about the natural organic matter in the first place. Research is currently underway to find out more about these new compounds and how many of them are being formed.
Organic matter in water (Aquatic)
Aquatic organic materials can be subdivided into two subsections: dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM). They are usually distinguished by being able to pass a 0.45 micrometer (DOM) filter, and which can not (POM).
Detection of aquatic organic matter
Organic materials play an important role in drinking water and wastewater treatment and recycling, aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, and environmental rehabilitation. It is therefore important to have reliable detection and characterization methods for both short and long term monitoring. Various analytical detection methods for organic materials have been around for decades, to illustrate and characterize organic matter. These include, but are not limited to: total and dissolved organic carbon, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Each of these methods has its own advantages and limitations.
Water purification
The same capability of natural organic matter that helps the retention of water in the soil creates problems for current water purification methods. In water, organic materials can still bind metallic ions and minerals. These bound molecules should not be stopped by the purification process, but do not cause harm to humans, animals, or plants. However, due to the high rate of reactivity of organic materials, non-nutritive by-products can be made. This byproduct can induce biofouling, which essentially clogs the water filtration system at a water purification facility, since its byproducts are larger than the pore size of the membrane. This blockage problem can be treated with chlorine disinfection, which can break up residual materials that clog the system. However, chlorination may form a byproduct of disinfection.
Potential solution
Water with organic material can be disinfected with ozone-triggered radical reactions. Ozone (three oxygen) has very strong oxidation characteristics. It can form a hydroxyl (OH) radical when it decomposes, which will react with organic matter to close the biofouling problem.
Vitalisme
The "organic" equation with living organisms comes from the now abandoned idea of ​​vitalism, which links the special forces with life that can create organic matter. This idea was first questioned after the synthesis of urea by Friedrich WÃÆ'¶hler in 1828.
See also
- Biofact (biology)
- Biomass
- Detritus
- Humus
- Organic geochemistry
- Organic sediments
- Organic carbon total
Compared with:
- Biological network
- Biomolecules
- Biotic materials
- Mobile components
- Organic production
References
Bibliography
- Aiken, George. United States of America. United States Geological Survey. Organic Materials in Groundwater. 2002. 1 May 2007 & lt; http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/ofr0289/ga_organic.htm>.
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- Cho, Min, Hyenmi Chung, and Jeyong Yoon. "Water Disinfection Containing Organic Natural Material by Using Ozone Radical Reactions." Abstract. Microbiology Applied Microbiology and Environment. 69 No.4 (2003): 2284-2291.
- Fortner, John D., Joseph B. Hughes, Jae-Hong Kim, and Hoon Hyung. "Natural Organic Material Stabilizes Carbon Nanotubes in aqueous Phases." Abstract. Environmental Science & amp; Technology Vol. 41 No. 1 (2007): 179-184.
- "Researchers Learn the Role of Organic Natural Materials in the Environment." Science Daily Dec. 20th. 2006. Apr. 22. 2007 & lt; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061211221222.htm>.
- Senes, Nicola, Baoshan Xing, and P.m. Huang. Biophysical-Chemical Process Involving Organic Natural Ingredients That Do Not Live in Environmental Systems. New York: IUPAC, 2006.
- "Table 1: Surface Area, Volume, and Average Depth of Oceans and Oceans." EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica.
- "Trailer Topic: Organic Natural Ingredients." American Water Works Association Research Foundation. 2007. Apr. 22. 2007 & lt; https://web.archive.org/web/20070928102105/http://www.awwarf.org/research/TopicsAndProjects/topicSnapShot.aspx? Topic = Organic & gt;.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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