Palm oil is edible vegetable oil derived from mesocarp (reddish fruit) from oil palm fruits, especially African palm oil Elaeis guineensis , and to a lesser extent palm oil American Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa .
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of its high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernels of the same fruits or coconut oil derived from the coconut kernel ( Cocos nucifera ). The difference in color (crude palm kernel oil has no carotenoid and no red), and in saturated fat content: palm oil is 49 percent saturated, while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81 percent and 86 percent saturated fat, respectively. However, red crude palm oil that has been purified, bleached and odor removed, a common commodity called RBD palm oil, does not contain carotenoids.
Along with coconut oil, palm oil is one of the few highly saturated and semisolid vegetable fats at room temperature. Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil. Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost and high oxidative stability (saturation) of processed products when used for frying. One source reports that humans consume an average of 17 pounds (7.7 kg) of palm oil per person by 2015.
The use of palm oil in food products has attracted the attention of environmental activist groups; High oil yields from trees have encouraged wider cultivation, leading to clearance of forests in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make room for palm oil monocultures. This resulted in a significant loss of land from the natural habitat of three surviving species of orangutans. One species in particular, the Sumatran orangutan, has been listed as endangered. In 2004, an industry group called Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil was formed to work with the palm oil industry to address this problem. Moreover, in 1992, in response to fears of deforestation, the Malaysian Government promised to limit the expansion of oil palm plantations by maintaining at least half of the national land as forest cover. In March 2017, a documentary film made by Deutsche Welle revealed that palm oil is used to make milk substitutes to feed calves in dairy factories in Germany. This substitute milk contains 30 percent milk powder and raw protein residue made from skimmed milk powder, whey powder, and vegetable fat, mostly coconut oil and palm oil.
Video Palm oil
History
Humans use oil palm as far back as 5,000 years ago; in the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered the substance they concluded at first was palm oil in a tomb in Abydos dating from 3,000 BC. It is believed that traders bring oil palm to Egypt.
Palm oil from E. guineensiss has long been known in the countries of West and Central Africa, and is widely used as cooking oil. European traders who trade with West Africa occasionally purchase palm oil for use as cooking oil in Europe.
Palm oil became a highly sought after commodity by British traders, to be used as industrial lubricants for machinery during the British Industrial Revolution.
Palm oil forms the basis of soap products, such as "Sunlight" Lever Brothers (now Unilever), and Palmolive America brand.
Around 1870, palm oil was the main export of several West African countries, such as Ghana and Nigeria, although this was taken over by cocoa in the 1880s.
Maps Palm oil
Composition
Fatty Acids
Palm oil, like all fats, consists of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol. Palm oil has a very high concentration of saturated fat, especially the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, which gives its name. Monounsaturated oleic acid is also a major constituent of palm oil. Crude palm oil is a significant source of tocotrienols, part of the vitamin E family.
The approximate concentration of esterified fatty acids in palm oil is:
Carotene
Red palm oil is rich in carotene, such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene, which gives a distinctive dark red color. However, refined palm oil, bleached and odor removed from crude palm oil (called "RBD palm oil") does not contain carotene.
Processing and using
Many processed foods contain palm oil or various materials made from it.
Refine
After grinding, various palm oil products are made using a refining process. First is fractionation, by crystallization and separation process to obtain solid fraction (stearin), and liquid (olein). Then melt and degumming away the dirt. Then the oil is filtered and bleached. The physical refinery eliminates odors and stains to produce "refined, bleached and odorized oil palm" (RBDPO) and free fatty acids, used in the manufacture of soaps, washing powders and other products. RBDPO is the basic palm oil product sold in the world commodity market. Many companies make further fractionation to produce palm oil for cooking oil, or process it into other products.
Red palm oil
Since the mid-1990s, red palm oil has been pressed cold and bottled for use as cooking oil, and mixed into mayonnaise and salad oil.
The oil produced from the fruit itself is called red palm oil or simply palm oil. It contains about 50 percent saturated fat - much less than palm kernel oil - and 40 percent unsaturated fat and 10 percent polyunsaturated fat.
In an unprocessed state, red palm oil has a dark red color due to its abundant carotene content. Like palm kernel oil, red palm oil contains about 50 percent of medium chain fatty acids but also contains the following nutrients:
- Carotenoids such as alpha- and beta-carotene and lycopene
- Sterol
- Vitamin E
- Antioxidants in the form of flavonoids and phenolic acids
White palm oil
White palm oil is the result of processing and purification. When perfected, palm oil loses its red color. It is widely used in food making and can be found in a variety of processed foods including peanut butter and chips. These are often labeled as shortening of the palms and used as substitutes for hydrogenated fats in various baked and fried products.
Trans fat fats and substitutes
The very saturated nature of the palm oil makes it dense at room temperature in temperate climates, making it a cheap substitute for butter or trans fats in the use where the desired solid fats, such as baking dough and baked goods. The recent rise in the use of palm oil in the food industry comes in part from changes in labeling requirements that have caused the switch from using trans fats. Palm oil has been found to be a viable trans fat substitute; However, a small study conducted in 2009 found that palm oil may not be a good substitute for trans fats for individuals with elevated LDL levels. The USDA agricultural research service states that palm oil is not a substitute for healthy trans fats.
Biomass and bioenergy
Palm oil is used to produce both methyl esters and biodiesel biodiesel. Palm oil methyl esters are prepared through a process called transesterification. Palm oil biodiesel is often mixed with other fuels to create a mixture of palm oil biodiesel. Palm oil biodiesel meets EN 14214 standard for European biodiesel. The oxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct hydrogenolysis from fat to alkanes and propane. The world's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is Finland's Finnish-operated Neste Oil biodiesel plant in Singapore, which opened in 2011 and produces biodiesel of NEXBTL biodiesel.
Organic waste produced during processing of oil palm, including palm shells and palm fruit bunches, can also be used to generate energy. This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as biofuel. In addition, the palm oil that has been used for frying food can be converted into methyl esters for biodiesel. The cooking oil used chemically is processed to make biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel.
In wound care
Although palm oil is applied to wounds due to the expected antimicrobial effect, the study did not confirm its effectiveness.
Production
In 2012, annual revenue received by Indonesia and Malaysia together, the two largest palm oil producers, is $ 40 billion. Between 1962 and 1982 global exports of palm oil increased from about half a million to 2.4 million tonnes per year and in 2008 world palm oil and palm kernel production reached 48 million tonnes. According to FAO estimates by 2020 the global demand for palm oil will double, and triple by 2050.
Indonesia
Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, surpassing Malaysia in 2006, generating more than 20.9 million tons. Indonesia expects to double production by the end of 2030. By the end of 2010, 60 percent of output is exported in the form of crude palm oil. FAO data show production increased by more than 400 percent between 1994 and 2004, to more than 8.66 million metric tons.
Malaysia
In 2012, Malaysia, the world's second largest palm oil producer, produces 18.79 million tonnes of crude palm oil around 5,000,000 hectares (19,000 sqm) of land. Although Indonesia produces more palm oil, Malaysia is the world's largest exporter of palm oil after exporting 18 million tons of palm oil products in 2011. China, Pakistan, the European Union, India and the United States are major importers of Malaysian palm oil products.
Nigeria
In 2011, Nigeria is the third largest producer, with approximately 2.3 million hectares (5,7 ÃÆ'â € 10 6 hectare) that is being cultivated. Until 1934, Nigeria was the largest producer in the world. Both small and large scale producers participate in this industry. Thai
Thailand is the world's third largest crude palm oil producer, generating around two million tonnes a year, or 1.2 percent of global production. Ninety-five percent of Thailand's production is consumed locally. Nearly 85 percent of oil palm plantations and extraction plants are in southern Thailand. By the end of 2016, 4.7-5.8 million rai is grown in oil palm, employing 300,000 farmers, mostly for small 20 rai fields. ASEAN as a region contributes 52.5 million tons of palm oil production, about 85 percent of the world total and more than 90 percent of global exports. Indonesia accounts for 52.2 percent of world exports. Malaysia's exports reached 37.9 percent. The biggest consumers of palm oil are India, the EU, and China, with three consuming nearly 50 percent of world exports. The Department of Domestic Trade of Thailand (DIT) usually sets the price of crude palm oil and processed palm oil. Thai farmers have relatively low yields compared to Malaysia and Indonesia. Thailand's oil palm plant produces 4-17 percent oil compared to about 20 percent in competing countries. In addition, oil palm plantations of Indonesia and Malaysia are 10 times the size of Thai plantations.
Colombia
In the 1960s, some 18,000 hectares (69 sq. M) were grown with coconuts. Colombia is now the largest producer of palm oil in America, and 35 percent of its products are exported as biofuels. In 2006, the Colombian plantation owner's association, Fedepalma, reported that oil palm cultivation extends to 1,000,000 hectares (3,900 square meters). This expansion is funded, in part, by the United States Agency for International Development to resettle unarmed paramilitary members in fertile soil, and by the Colombian government, which proposes to expand the use of exportable exportable crops to 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq. mi) by 2020, including oil palm. Fedepalma states that its members follow ongoing guidelines.
Some Afro-Colombians claim that some of these new plantations have been taken over from them after they were driven out of poverty and civil war, while armed guards intimidated the remaining people to further drain the land, with coca production and trade after they woke up.
Other countries
Benin
Coconuts are native to wetlands in western Africa, and southern Benin already has many palm plantations. The 'Agricultural Awakening Program' has identified thousands of hectares of land suitable for new palm oil export plantations. Regardless of economic benefits, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Nature Tropicale, claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production at some of the major agricultural sites. Another area consists of peatlands, whose drainage will have devastating environmental impacts. They are also concerned that genetic engineering crops will be introduced into the region, jeopardizing the current premium payments for their non-GM crops.
Cameroon
Cameroon has a production project being initiated by Herakles Farms in the US. However, the project was stopped under pressure from civil society organizations in Cameroon. Before the project was terminated, Herakles left the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil at the beginning of the negotiations. The project is controversial due to opposition from villagers and project sites in areas sensitive to biodiversity.
Kenya
Kenya's domestic vegetable oil production accounts for about a third of its annual demand, estimated at about 380,000 metric tons. The remainder is imported at a cost of approximately US $ 140 million per year, making vegetable oil the second most important importer of oil after the oil. Since 1993 new hybrid varieties of oil palm that are tolerant to cold and high level have been promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in western Kenya. As well as reducing the state vegetable oil deficit while providing essential cash crops, it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region, as it does not compete with native food plants or vegetation and provides stabilization for the soil.
Ghana
Ghana has many species of palm beans, which can be an important contributor to agriculture in the region. Although Ghana has several types of palms, ranging from local palm kernels to other species called local agribusiness, it is only marketed locally and to neighboring countries. Production is now widespread due to large investment funds purchasing plantations, as Ghana is considered the main growth region for palm oil.
Social and environmental impact
Social
The palm oil industry has a positive and negative impact on workers, indigenous peoples and residents of palm oil producing communities. Palm oil production provides employment opportunities, and has been proven to improve infrastructure, social services and reduce poverty. However, in some cases, oil palm plantations have developed land without consultation or compensation from indigenous peoples who occupy the land, resulting in social conflict. The use of illegal immigrants in Malaysia has also raised concerns about working conditions in the palm oil industry.
Some social initiatives use oil palm cultivation as part of poverty reduction strategies. Examples include the UN Food and Agriculture Organization's palm oil hybrid project in Western Kenya, which increases the income and diet of the local population, and the Federal Land Development Authority of Malaysia and the Land Consolidation and Federal Rehabilitation Authorities, both of which support rural development.
Food vs. fuel
The use of palm oil in biodiesel production has caused concerns that fuel needs are being placed in front of food needs, leading to malnutrition in developing countries. This is known as the debate about food and fuel. According to a 2008 report published in the Renewable Energy and Sustainable Review , palm oil is committed to being a sustainable source of food and biofuels. The production of palm oil biodiesel does not pose a threat to the supply of edible palm oil. According to a 2009 study published in the journal Environmental Science and Policy, palm oil biodiesel can increase demand for palm oil in the future, resulting in the expansion of palm oil production, and therefore an increase in food supply.
Environment
Oil palm cultivation has been criticized for impacting the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, which have threatened endangered species such as Sumatran orangutans and tigers, as well as increased greenhouse gas emissions. Many oil palm plantations are built on existing peat swamps, and clearing land for oil palm cultivation contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Efforts to describe oil palm cultivation as sustainable have been made by organizations including the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, the industry lobby group, as well as the Malaysian government, which is committed to maintaining 50 percent of its total land as forest. According to research conducted by the Tropical Peat Research Laboratory, a group studying oil palm cultivation to support industry, oil palm plantations (when compared to non-vegetated vacant land) act as carbon sinks, converting carbon dioxide to oxygen. Also, according to Malaysia's Second National Communications for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, plantations contribute to Malaysia's status as a net carbon sink, which considers undeveloped bare land as its base, and not carbon released as a consequence of removal from cover original native forest.
Environmental groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth oppose the use of palm oil biofuels, claiming that deforestation caused by oil palm plantations further damages the climate rather than the benefits gained by switching to biofuels and utilizing palm oil as a carbon sink.
While only 5 percent of the world's vegetable oil fields used for oil palm plantations, oil cultivation produces 38 percent of the world's vegetable oil supply. In terms of oil yields, palm oil plantations are 10 times more productive than soybeans and rapeseed cultivation because the palm and kernel fruits both provide usable oil.
Roundtable On Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was formed as an industry lobbying group in 2004 following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations on the environmental impacts associated with palm oil production. The organization has set international standards for sustainable palm oil production. Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) may carry the RSPO trademark. RSPO members include producers of palm oil, environmental groups, and producers who use palm oil in their products.
Oil palm farmers producing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil have been critical of the organization because, although they have met the RSPO standards and assumed certification-related costs, the market demand for certified palm oil remains low. Low market demand has been attributed to the high cost of Certified Sustainable Palm Oil, which encourages palm oil buyers to buy cheaper non-certified palm oil. Most palm oil can be processed. In 2011, 12 percent of the palm oil produced was certified "sustainable", although only half had RSPO labels. Even with the low proportion being certified, Greenpeace believes that candy sellers avoid responsibility for sustainable palm oil, saying that RSPO standards fail to protect rainforests and reduce greenhouse gases.
Market
According to the Hamburg-based Oil World trade journal, in 2008 global oil and fat production reached 160 million tons. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the largest contributors, reaching 48 million tons, or 30 percent of the total output. Soybean oil came in second with 37 million tons (23 percent). About 38 percent of the world's oils and fats are sent across the ocean. Of the 60 million tonnes of oil and fat exported worldwide, palm oil and palm kernel oil accounted for nearly 60 percent; Malaysia, with 45 percent market share, dominates the palm oil trade.
Food label rules
Previously, palm oil could be listed as "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" on food labels in the European Union (EU). Beginning in December 2014, food packaging in the EU is no longer allowed to use the generic term "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" in the ingredients list. Food producers are required to list the specific types of vegetable fats used, including palm oil. Vegetable oils and fats can be grouped together in the list of ingredients under the terms "vegetable oil" or "vegetable fat" but this should be followed by the type of plant-based origin (eg, oil palm, sunflower, or rapeseed) and the phrase "in various proportions".
Supply chain organization
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was established in 2004 following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations on the environmental impacts resulting from palm oil production. The organization has set international standards for sustainable palm oil production. Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) may carry the RSPO trademark. RSPO members include producers of palm oil, environmental groups, and producers who use palm oil in their products.
The RSPO implements various types of programs to supply palm oil to producers.
- Books and claims: there is no guarantee that end products contain certified sustainable palm oil, support RSPO certified farmers and farmers
- Identity preserved: end users can trace palm oil back to a particular single plant and its supply base (plantation)
- Separate: this option ensures that the final product contains certified palm oil
- Bulk Balance: Refineries are only allowed to sell the same amount of palm oil balance to the amount of certified sustainable palm oil purchased
GreenPalm is one of the retailers that executes books and claims supply chains and trading programs. This ensures that palm oil producers are certified by RSPO. Through GreenPalm, manufacturers can declare the amount specified with the GreenPalm logo. Oil buyers are allowed to use RSPO and GreenPalm labels for sustainable palm oil on their products.
Nutrition and health
Contributing significant calories as a source of fat, palm oil is a staple food in many cuisines. On a global average, humans consume 17 pounds (7.7 kg) of palm oil per person by 2015. Although the relationship of palm oil consumption to disease risk has been assessed previously, the quality of clinical studies specifically assesses the effect of palm oil is generally poor. As a result, research has focused on the damaging effects of palm oil and the consumption of palmitic acid as a source of saturated fat content in vegetable oil, leading to the conclusion that palm oil and saturated fats should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats in foods.
Palmitic acid
Excessive intake of palmitic acid, which makes up 44 percent of palm oil, increases blood levels of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, and thus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Other reviews, the World Health Organization and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute have encouraged consumers to limit consumption of palm oil, palmitic acid and high-saturated fatty foods.
See also
- Palm sugar
- Tropical farming
References
External links
- Forum for Sustainable Palm Oil (Forum nachhaltiges PalmÃÆ'¶l)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments