Tillage is the agricultural soil preparation with mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods use hand tools including shoveling, picking, mattocking, hoeing and sweeping. Examples of animal-powered or mechanical designs include plowing (inverted with moldboard or sculpting with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or other rollers, horrible, and cultivated with a cultivator shank (tooth). Small-scale gardening and farming, for household food production or small business production, tend to use smaller scale methods, whereas large- and medium-scale agriculture tend to use large-scale methods. But there is a fluid continuum. Any type of gardening or farming, but especially larger-scale commercial types, can also use low to or non-participatory methods.
Soil processing is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict limitation between them so much of a lax distinction between deeper and more generalized (primary) land preparation and the more shallow and sometimes more selective land preparation of the (secondary) site. Primary processing such as plowing tends to produce a rough final surface, whereas secondary soil tending tends to produce a smoother surface, as is necessary to make a good nursery for many plants. Terrible and twisted often combine primary and secondary soil processing into one operation.
"Massacre" can also mean milled ground . The word " cultivation " has some substantially overlapping senses with "preparation". In the general context, both can refer to agriculture. In agriculture, both can refer to any type of land agitation. In addition, "cultivation" or "cultivation" may refer to the narrower meaning of selective and selective short-line soil treatment that kills weeds while squandering crops.
Video Tillage
Tillage System
Reduce land preparation
Reduce leafland preparation between 15 and 30% of residual cover on the ground or 500 to 1000 pounds per acre (560 to 1,100 kg/ha) of small grain residues during critical erosion periods. This may involve the use of plow chisels, field cultivators, or other equipment. See general comments below to see how it affects the residual amount.
Intensive processing
Intensive processing leaves less than 15% of crop residuals or less than 500 pounds per hectare (560 kg/ha) of small grain residues. This type of tillage is often referred to as conventional farmland but since conservative land management is now more widely used than intensive processing (in the United States), it is often inappropriate to refer to this type of soil treatment as conventional. Intensive processing often involves several operations with equipment such as mold boards, discs, and/or plow chisels. Then the finisher with rakes, baskets, and cutters can be used to prepare seed beds. There are many variations.
Soil conservation
Leaf processing conservation leaves at least 30% of the crop residue on the soil surface, or at least 1,000 lb/ac (1,100 kg/ha) of small surface grain residues during critical soil erosion periods. This slows down the movement of water, which reduces the amount of soil erosion. In addition, conservation land processing has been found to benefit predatory arthropods that can improve pest control. Soil conservation practices also benefit farmers by reducing fuel consumption and soil compaction. By reducing the number of farmers through the fields, farmers are aware of significant fuel and labor savings. In much of the year since 1997, conservation land use is used in US farmland more than intensive or reduced processing.
However, the conservation of land preparation delayed soil warming due to reduced exposure of dark soil to the warmth of the spring sun, thus delaying the planting of spring crops next year.
- No-to - Never use plows, disks, etc. again. Aim for 100% land cover.
- Strip-Till - A narrow strip tilled where the seeds will be planted, leaving the ground between unfilled lines.
- Mulch-to
- Rotational Tillage - Plowing land every two years or less frequently (every other year, or every third year, etc.).
- Ridge-Till
- Ground Zone
Maps Tillage
Ground Zone
The soil zone is a modified form of deep processing where only narrow strips are cultivated, leaving the soil between unfilled lines. This type of treatment is stirring the soil to help reduce soil compaction problems and improve internal soil drainage.
Destination
Land preparation is designed to simply disrupt the soil on a narrow strip just below the row of plants. Compared to the no-till, which relies on last year's crop residues to protect soil and auxiliaries in delaying soil warming and plant growth in the Northern climate, the land preparation zone creates about 5-inch strips simultaneously bursting. up plow, help in warming up the soil and help prepare the nursery. When combined with cover crops, tillage helps replenish missing organic matter, slow down soil damage, improve soil drainage, increase groundwater and nutrient storage capacity, and allow the soil organisms necessary to survive.
Usage
It has been used successfully in farms in the west-central and western for more than 40 years and is currently used in more than 36% of agricultural land in the US. Certain countries where the current zone care in practice are Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Minnesota, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois.
Unfortunately, there are no consistent results in Northern Cornbelt countries; However, there is still interest in land preparation in the agricultural industry. In areas not well drained, deep soil treatment can be used as an alternative to installing more expensive tile drainage.
Soil preparation effect
Positive
Piracy:
- Issues and irrigates the topsoil or horizon A, which facilitates the planting of plants
- Helps mix the remainder of the harvest, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into the soil
- It mechanically destroys the weed
- Drain the soil before seeding (in wet climate of soil preparation in keeping the soil drier)
- When completed in the fall, help the open land collapse during the winter through frosting and melting ice, which helps prepare a smooth surface for spring planting
Negatives
- Dry the soil before sowing
- The soil is losing many nutrients, such as nitrogen and fertilizer, and its ability to store water
- Reduce the rate of groundwater infiltration. (More runoff and erosion due to soil absorbing water slower than before)
- Processing soil results in releasing compactness of soil particles causing erosion.
- Chemical overflow
- Reduce organic matter on the ground
- Reduce microbes, earthworms, ants, etc.
- Destroying aggregate soil
- Soil compaction, also known as a land preparation pot
- Eutrophication (flow of nutrients into water bodies)
- Can pull snails, cut worms, army worms, and harmful insects to the rest of the remains.
- Plant diseases can be stored in surface residues
General comments
- This type of implementation makes the most difference, though other factors can have an effect.
- Cultivating absolute darkness (processing at night) can reduce the number of weeds that grow following tilling operations by half. Light is required to break the dormancy of some weed species seeds, so if fewer seeds are exposed to light during the tilling process, less will sprout. This can help reduce the amount of herbicide needed for weed control.
- Higher speeds, when using certain tillage equipment (disc plow and plow), lead to more intensive processing (ie, less ground residue).
- Increasing the disk angle causes the residue to be buried deeper. Increasing their throat makes them more aggressive.
- The chisel bar can have nails or sweeps. Nails are more aggressive.
- Percentage of residue is used to compare the land preparation system because the amount of crop residue affects soil loss due to erosion.
Definition
Primary treatment relaxes soil and mixes fertilizer and/or plant material, producing a rough-textured soil.
Secondary processing produces smoother soil and sometimes forming rows, preparing seed beds. It also provides weed control throughout the growing season during plant crop ripening, unless the weed control is achieved by a low to or non-herbicidal method.
- Preparation of seeds can be done with rakes (consisting of many types and subtypes), dibbles, hoes, shovels, rotary tillers, subsoilers, ridges or bed-forming tillers, rollers, or cultivators.
- Weed control, insofar as it is done through tillage, is usually accomplished by a cultivator or hoe, which disrupts a few centimeters of land around the crop but with minimal disturbance of the crop itself. Soil treatment kills weeds through two mechanisms: pulling them out, burying their leaves (cutting off their photosynthesis), or a combination of both. Good weed control prevents plant crops from being outcompeted by weeds (for water and sunlight) and prevents weeds from reaching their seed stage, thereby reducing aggressiveness of future weed populations.
History of processing
The first tilling is done through human labor, sometimes involving slaves. Steamed animals can also be used to cultivate the soil by trampling. The wooden plow was later discovered. It can be pulled by human labor, or by donkeys, oxen, elephants, water buffalo, or such stocky animals. Horses are generally unsuitable, although breeds such as Clydesdale are bred as experimental animals. Steel plows allow farming in the American Midwest, where grass prairie grass and rocks cause problems. Soon after 1900, agricultural tractors were introduced, which ultimately made modern large-scale farming possible.
Alternative to process
The science of modern agriculture has greatly reduced the use of soil tillage. Plants can be planted for several years without soil treatment through the use of herbicides to control weeds, plant varieties that tolerate dense soils, and equipment that can plant seeds or soil the ground without actually digging it. This practice, called non-sport farming, reduces costs and changes in the environment by reducing soil erosion and diesel fuel use.
Preparation of forest land location
Site preparation is one of many treatments applied to a site ready for sowing or planting. The goal is to facilitate the regeneration of the site with the chosen method. Site preparation can be designed to achieve, singly or in any combination: improving access, by reducing or rearranging slash, and repairing adverse forest flooring, soil, vegetation, or other biotic factors. Site preparation is undertaken to correct one or more constraints that may hinder management objectives. A valuable bibliography of the effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and boreal tree species was prepared by McKinnon et al. (2002).
Site preparation is the work done before the forest area is regenerated. Some kind of site preparation is on fire.
Burn
Burning broadcasts are usually used to set up clearcutting sites for planting, for example in central British Columbia, and in temperate climates of North America in general.
The prescribed combustion is carried out primarily for reducing slash and improving site conditions for regeneration; all or some of the following benefits may increase:
- a) Reduction of logging, crop competition, and humus prior to direct seeding, planting, scarification or anticipation of natural hatchery on partially partially orcorrelated tree-seed systems.
- b) Unwanted reduction or removal of forest cover prior to planting or seeding, or prior to initial scarification.
- c) Humus reduction in cold and humid sites to support regeneration.
- d) Reduction or removal of slash, grass, or fuel brush from a strategic area around a forested land to reduce the possibility of fire damage.
The prescribed burning to prepare the site for live seeding is tried on several occasions in Ontario, but no burns are hot enough to produce enough seedlings without additional mechanical site preparation.
Changes in the soil chemical properties associated with combustion include a significantly increased pH, which Macadam (1987) at Sub-boreal Spruce Zone in central British Columbia was found to survive more than a year after burns. The average fuel consumption is 20 to 24 t/ha and the forest floor depth is reduced by 28% to 36%. The increase correlates well with the number of slashes (both total and> = 7 cm diameter) consumed. The change in pH depends on the severity of the burn and the amount consumed; increase can be as much as 2 units, 100 times the change. Copper and iron deficiency in white pine trees on burning burned logs in central British Columbia may be caused by high pH levels.
Even the cutting felling that was broadcast on the cutting site did not provide uniform burning throughout the area. Tarrant (1954), for example, found that only 4% of burned burns of 140 ha had been badly burned, 47% had been lightly burned, and 49% were not burned. Burning after winding clearly accentuates the subsequent heterogeneity.
Marking the increase in calcium exchange is also correlated with the amount of at least 7 cm cuts consumed. The availability of phosphorus also increases, both on the forest floor and in mineral soil from 0 cm to 15 cm, and the increase is still apparent, albeit somewhat reduced, 21 months after burning. However, in another study in the same Sub-boreal Pine Zone found that although increased immediately after combustion, the availability of phosphorus has dropped below pre-burn levels in 9 months.
Nitrogen will disappear from the site by burning, although the concentration on the remaining forest floor discovered by Macadam (1987) has risen in 2 of the 6 plots, others showing a decline. The loss of nutrients may exceed, at least in the short run, with an increase in soil microclimate through reduced forest floor thickness where low soil temperatures are limiting factors.
The Picea/Abies forest in the foothills of Alberta is often characterized by the accumulation of deep organic matter on soil surface and cold ground temperatures, both making reforestation difficult and resulting in decreased site productivity in general; Endean and Johnstone (1974) describe experiments to test the prescribed burning as a means of preparation of nursery and site repair in clear-cut areas of Picea/Abies . The results show that, in general, the prescribed combustion does not reduce the organic layer satisfactorily, nor does it increase the temperature of the soil, at the site under test. Increased breeding, survival, and growth in burning sites may be due to a slight decrease in the depth of the organic layer, a slight increase in soil temperature, and a marked increase in the efficiency of the planting crew. The results also suggest that the site damage process has not been reversed by the burning treatment applied.
Ameliorative Intervention
The weight of the slash (oven dry weight of all canopy and part of the stem & lt; 4 inches in diameter) and the size distribution are the main factors affecting the forest fire hazard at the harvest site. Forest managers interested in the adoption of fires determined for hazard reduction and silviculture, are shown methods for measuring the burden of slaughter by Kiil (1968). In west-central Alberta, it cuts, measures, and weighs 60 white cypress trees, describing (a) the weight of slashes per unit of volume that can be traded against the diameter at breast height (dbh), and (b) the subtle weights (& lt ; 1.27 cm) also against dbh, and produces tables of cut weights and size distributions on one hectare of the hypothetical stand of the white pine. When the holder diameter distribution is unknown, the estimated cut weight and size distribution can be obtained from the diameter of the average diameter, the number of trees per unit area, and the volume of cubic feet that can be traded. The sample tree in Kiil's study has a full symmetrical crown. Very growing trees with short and often irregular crowns may be excessive; open trees with long crowns may be underestimated.
The need to provide shade for young people from Engelmann fir trees in the high Rocky Mountains is emphasized by the U.S. Forest Service. Acceptable planting points are defined as microsites on the north and east sides of the rootstock, stumps, or slashes, and lying in the shadow thrown by the material. Where management objectives determine more uniform distances, or higher densities, than can be obtained from the existing distribution of shade shelter, the redistribution or import of the material has been performed.
Access
Site preparation on some sites may be made only to facilitate access by the planters, or to improve access and increase the number or distribution of suitable microsites for planting or seeding.
Wang et al. (2000) determined the field performance of white and black sprucing 8 and 9 years after planting on boreal mixed wood sites after site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching) in 2 types of (open versus protected) plantations in southeastern Manitoba. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Significant altitude differences were found between open and unprotected plantations for black pine trees but not for white firs, and the diameter of root collars in protected plantations was significantly greater than in open plantations for black pine trees but not for white pine. The black spruce open plantation has significantly smaller volumes (97Ã,® cmÃ, dibandingkan) compared to the protected black spruce (210Ã,® cmÃ,³), as well as the opening of white cypress trees (175Ã, cmÃ,³) and shielded (229Ã, cmÃ,³). White open pine plantations also have smaller volumes than white twisted plantations. For transplant stocks, the strip plantations have significantly higher volumes (329 cm) than the open plantations (204Ã, cmÃ,³). Wang et al. (2000) recommends that the preparation of sheltered plantation sites should be used.
Mechanical
Until 1970, the "advanced" location preparation equipment had been operating in Ontario, but the need for more powerful and versatile equipment was increasingly recognized. At the moment, improvements are being made to equipment originally developed by field staff, and field testing of equipment from other sources is increasing.
According to J. Hall (1970), in Ontario at least, the most widely used site preparation technique is post-harvest mechanical scarification with front-mounted equipment in bulldozers (knives, rakes, V-plows, or teeth), or dragged behind a tractor (Imsett or SFI scoop, or rolling helicopter). The tensile unit designed and constructed by the Ontario Department of Land and Forests uses anchor or tractor chain separately or in combination, or steel drums or barrels of various sizes and used in separate sets or combined with an anchor tractor or chain chain.
J. Hall's (1970) reports on site preparation conditions in Ontario noting that knives and rakes are found to be particularly suitable for post-cutting scarification on stand-resistant stand for yellow birch natural regeneration. The plow is most effective for treating dense bushes before planting, often simultaneously with planting machines. Surprising teeth, such as Young's teeth, are sometimes used to prepare places for planting, but their most effective use is to set up a hatchery site, especially in backlog areas with light brushes and solid herbaceous growth. Pushing helicopters find application in caring for heavy brush but can only be used on rock free ground. Fingered drums are typically used for stripping pine firs in fresh places with deep duff coatings and heavy slashes, and they need to work with a tractor unit pad to secure a good slash distribution. The S.F.I. scarifier, after strengthening, has been "reasonably successful" for 2 years, a promising trial is underway with conical scarifiers and barrel ring scarifiers, and development has begun on a new flail scarifier for use on sites with shallow, rocky soil. Recognition of the need to be more effective and efficient in site preparation led to the Department of Land and the Ontario Forests to adopt a search and acquire policy for new field testing equipment from Scandinavia and elsewhere that seem promising for Ontario conditions, especially in the north. Thus, the test starts from the Brackekultivator from Sweden and the Vako-Visko rotary furrower from Finland.
Mounding
The site preparation treatment that creates a generally elevated plant point has improved the performance of the discharger in a location subject to low soil temperatures and excess soil moisture. Mounding can certainly have a major influence on soil temperatures. Draper et al. (1985), for example, documenting this as well as its effect on root plant growth (Table 30).
The humps are heated at the fastest, and at a depth of 0.5 cm and 10 cm on average 10 and 7 ° C higher than in the control. On sunny days, maximum daytime surface temperatures on mounds and organic mats reach 25 Ã, Â ° C to 60Ã, Â ° C, depending on moisture and shadow of the soil. Mounds reach an average soil temperature of 10 Â ° C at a depth of 10 cm 5 days after planting, but controls do not reach temperatures up to 58 days after planting. During the first growing season, the mound has 3 times more days with an average ground temperature of over 10 ° C compared to control microsites.
Draper et al. (1985) the mound received 5 times the amount of active radiation photosynthetically (PAR) summed over all microsites samples during the first growing season; control treatment consistently receives about 14% of the daily background PAR, while the mound receives over 70%. In November, the winter has reduced shading, eliminating the differential. Regardless of its effect on temperature, incident radiation is also important in photosynthesis. The average microsite control exposed light levels above the compensation point for only 3 hours, ie a quarter of the daily light period, whereas the mound received light above the 11-hour compensation point, ie, 86% of the same daily. period. Assuming that incident light is in the intensity range 100-600 Ã,ÂμEm? Ã,²s? 1 is the most important for photosynthesis, the mounds receive more than 4 times the total daily light energy that reaches the control microsite.
Orientation of linear site preparation
With linear site preparation, orientation is sometimes determined by topography or other considerations, but orientation can often be selected. It can make a difference. The seizure experiment at the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone in the interior of British Columbia investigated the effect on the growth of young outplants (lodgepole pines) in 13 micro-planting positions: berms, hinges and trenches in each north, south, east, and western aspect, as well as in an unkempt location amongst the grooves. The volume of 10th-century tree trunks in the southern, eastern, and western microstructures was significantly greater than that of the micrositic trees facing north and untreated ones. However, the choice of planting place is considered more important overall than the ditch orientation.
In a Minnesota study, the N-S line accumulated more snow but snow melted faster than on the E-W strip in the first year after logging. Snow melts faster on the strip near the center of the area that is cut from the strip on adjacent side border strips standing intact. The strip, 50 feet (15.24 m) wide, alternates with a 16 foot wide cut strip (4.88 m), which falls on Pinus resinosa standing, aged 90 to 100 years.
See also
- Advanced Sowing
- Land development
- Optimum water content for tillage
- Site setup
- Soybean management practices
- SWEEP (Land and Water Enhancement Program)
- TERON (Tillage erosion)
Note
References
Bibliography
- Cook, R.L., H.F. McColly, L.S. Robertson, and C.M. Hansen. 1958. Save Money - Water - Land with Minimal Processing. Extension Bulletin 352. Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
- Sprague, Milton A., and Glover B. Triplett. 1986. Agriculture without tillage and the surface of agricultural land: land preparation revolution. New York, Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-88410-1
- Troeh, Frederick R., J. Arthur Hobbs, Roy L. Donahue. 1991. Soil and water conservation for productivity and environmental protection, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-096807-4
- American Soil Science. 2009. Glossary of Soil Science. [On line]. Available at https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary (September 28, 2009; verified September 28, 2009). American Soil Science, Madison, WI.
- Non-Dissolved Farmers Save Our Land
- agriculture_sustainable_farming.html
- I will teach the world without oil
- Manufacturers of Agricultural Zone to Subsoiler with Photo (umequip.com by Unverferth Equipment)
Further reading
- Brady, Nyle C.; R.R. Weil (2002). Nature and property of the land, 13th edition . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0-13-016763-0.
External links
- "Tilling and Weaving Illustrated Guide: Rural Life in China" from 1696
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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