Steam distillate is a special distillation type (separation process) for materials sensitive to temperature like a natural aromatic compound. It was once a popular laboratory method for purifying organic compounds, but has become obsolete by vacuum distillation. Steam distillation remains important in certain industrial sectors.
Many organic compounds tend to decompose at sustained high temperatures. Separation by distillation at normal boiling points (1 atmosphere) is not an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. Water vapor carries a small amount of the volatile compound into the condensing flask, where the condensed liquid phase separates, allowing easy collection. This process effectively allows distillation at lower temperatures, reducing the desired product deterioration. If the substance to be distilled is sensitive to heat, steam distillation can be applied under reduced pressure, thereby reducing the operating temperature further.
After distillation, the steam is condensed. Usually the direct product is a two-phase water system and an organic distillate, allowing the separation of components by decantation, partition or other suitable methods.
Video Steam distillation
Principles
When a mixture of two virtually incompressible liquids is heated while agitated to expose the surface of each liquid to the vapor phase, each constituent freely uses its own vapor pressure as a function of temperature as if the other elements are absent. As a result, the entire vapor pressure of the system increases. Boiling begins when the amount of vapor pressure from two non-mixed liquids only exceeds atmospheric pressure (about 101 kPa at sea level). In this way, many organic compounds that are insoluble in water can be purified at temperatures well below the point at which decomposition occurs. For example, the boiling point of bromobenzene is 156 Â ° C and the boiling point of water is 100 Â ° C, but a mixture of two boils at 95 Â ° C. Thus, bromobenzene can be easily distilled at a temperature of 61 Â ° C below its boiling point which is normal.
Maps Steam distillation
Apps
Steam distillation is used in insulating essential oils, for use in perfumes, for example. In this method, the steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oil. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on an industrial scale. Steam distillation is also sometimes used to separate intermediate products or end products during the synthesis of complex organic compounds.
Steam distillation is also widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants which are commonly called "steam stripping".
Steam distillation is also an important means of separating fatty acids from the mixture and for treating raw products such as high oils to extract and separate fatty acids, soaps and other commercially valuable organic compounds.
Tools
On a laboratory scale, steam distillation is carried out by means of steam produced outside the system and transmitted through macerated biomass or in-situ in situ steam using Clevenger type device.
See also
- Azeotropic Distillation
- Batch distillation
- Distillation
- Extractive distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Heteroazeotrope
- An herb roller
- Hydrodistilasi
- Laboratory equipment
- Steam engine
- Supercritical fluid extraction
- Theoretical plates
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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