Aesculus hippocastanum is a flowering plant species in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. This is a large leafy tree, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered), commonly known as horse-chestnut or conker tree .
Video Aesculus hippocastanum
Description
Aesculus hippocastanum is a large tree, growing up to about 39 meters (128Ã, ft) tall with a dome crown from a dashing branch; in the old trees the outer branches are often pendulous with tips curled up. The leaves are opposite and flat, with 5-7 leaflets; each leaflet has a length of 13-30 cm, making whole leaves up to 60 cm, with 7-20 cm leaf stem. The former leaves on the twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive horseshoe shape, complete with seven "nails". The flowers are usually white with yellow to pink spots on the base of the petals; they are produced in spring erect erect 10-30 cm with about 20-50 flowers on each panicle. Usually only 1-5 pieces develop in each panicle; green shell, a pointed capsule containing one (rarely two or three) pea-like beans called conker or horse-chestnut. Each conker has a diameter of 2-4Ã, cm, a shiny yellowish brown with a white scar on the base.
Maps Aesculus hippocastanum
Etymology
The common name "horse-chestnut" (often not diphenasi) is reportedly derived from the false belief that the tree is a kind of chestnut (though actually only related to distance), along with the observation that the fruit can help the panting horse.
Distribution and habitat
Aesculus hippocastanum is a small indigenous population in mixed forests of Pindus and mixed forests of the Balkans in southeastern Europe. However, this can be found in many parts of Europe as far north as Gogikland in Sweden, as well as in many parks and cities in the United States and Canada.
Usage
It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the temperate world, and has been very successful in places like Ireland, England and New Zealand, where they are usually found in parks, streets and roads. The cultivation for spring flowers is spectacularly successful in a variety of temperate climates that summer provide is not too hot, with trees growing in the north such as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Faroe Islands, ReykjavÃÆ'k, Iceland and Harstad, Norway.
In England and Ireland, seeds are used for popular children's game conk. During the First World War, there was a campaign to get everyone (including children) to collect horses and donate them to the government. Konker is used as a starch source for fermentation using Clostridium acetobutylicum method designed by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone for use as a solvent for cordite production, which is then used in military weaponry. The Weizmann process could use starch sources, but the government chose to ask fraudsters to avoid causing hunger by depleting food sources. But the conker was found to be a bad source, and the plant only produced acetone for three months; However, they were collected again in World War II for the same reason.
The seeds, especially young and fresh ones, are slightly toxic, containing alkaloids and glucoside saponins. Although not harmful to the touch, they cause illness when eaten; consumed by horses, they can cause tremor and lack of coordination.
Although the seed is said to drive the spider there is little evidence to support this claim. The presence of saponins can repel insects but it is not clear whether this is effective in spiders.
The horse-chestnuts have been threatened by moths of Cameraria ohridella leaves, which the larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves. The moth was described from Macedonia where the species was discovered in 1984 but it took 18 years to reach Britain.
The flower is a symbol of the city of Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. Although horse-chestnuts are sometimes known as buckeye, this name is generally reserved for World's members of the genus Aesculus .
In Germany, horse-chestnuts are often found in beer gardens, especially in Bavaria. Prior to the advent of mechanical cooling, brewers would dig underground space to lag. To further protect the crypt from summer heat, they will plant chestnut trees, which have spread, thick canopy but shallow roots that will not disturb the caves. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into a modern beer garden.
Medical use
Standard seed extracts for about 20 percent aescin (escin) are used for venotonic effects, vascular protection, anti-inflammatory and free radical properties. The main indication is chronic venous insufficiency. A recent Cochrane Review found evidence to suggest that Horse Chestnut Seed Extract is a safe and efficacious short-term treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, but definitive randomized controlled trials are required to confirm efficacy.
Aescin reduces leakage of fluid to adjacent tissues by reducing both the number and size of the membrane pores in the blood vessels.
Security in medical use
Two preparations are considered; whole extract of horsechestnut (all HCE) and purified? -aescin. Historically, all HCE has been used for both oral and IV routes (until 2001). The rate of adverse events is low, in large studies in Germany, 0.6%, mainly consisting of gastrointestinal symptoms. Dizziness, headache and itching have been reported. One serious security problem is the rare cases of acute anaphylactic reactions, perhaps in the context of all HCE. Refined? -inin will be expected to have a better security profile.
Another is the risk of acute renal failure, "when patients, who have undergone heart surgery are given high doses of chestnutnut iv extract for postoperative edema.This phenomenon is dose-dependent because there is no change in renal function recorded with 340 μg kg- 1, mild renal function impairment developed with 360? G kg-1 and acute renal failure with 510 μg kg-1 ". This is almost certain to occur in the context of all HCE.
Three clinical trials have since been conducted to assess the effects of aescin on renal function. A total of 83 subjects were studied; 18 healthy volunteers were given 10 or 20 mg iv. for 6 days, 40 inpatients with normal renal function were given 10 mg iv. twice daily (except two children were given 0.2 mg/kg), 12 patients with cerebral edema and normal renal function were given large iv. dose on the day of surgery (49.2 Â ± 19.3 mg) and 15.4 Â ± 9.4 mg daily for 10 days and 13 patients with impaired renal function due to glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis, given 20-25 mg iv. every day for 6 days. "In all studies kidney function was monitored daily using the usual kidney function tests: BUN, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urinalysis.In selected cases of paraaminohippurate and EDTA licensing labeling were also measured.No signs of development of renal impairment in patients with normal kidney function or worsening renal function in patients with renal impairment are noted. "It was concluded that aescin has excellent tolerability in clinical settings.
Chestnut seeds, seeds, skins, and flowers Chestnut is toxic because of the presence of esculin and should not be digested. Horse chestnut seeds are classified by the FDA as an unsafe herb. Glycoside constituents and saponins are considered toxic.
Aesculus hippocastanum is used in the treatment of Bach pseudoscientific flowers. When the bud is used it is referred to as the "chestnut bud" and when the flowers are used it is referred to as "white chestnut".
Other chemicals
Quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside, flavonol glycosides can also be found in horse chestnuts. Leucocyanidin, leucodelphinidin and procyanidin A2 can also be found in horse chestnut.
Anne Frank Tree
A famous specimen of the horse-chestnut is Anne Frank Tree in the center of Amsterdam, which he mentions in his diary and which lasted until August 2010, when high winds blew him up. Eleven young specimens, grown from the seeds of this tree, were transported to the United States. After a long quarantine in Indianapolis, each tree is shipped to a new home in a museum or a leading institution in the United States, such as Memorial Park 9/11, H.S. Center in Little Rock, and two Holocaust Centers. One was planted outdoors in March 2013 in front of the Indianapolis Children's Museum, where they were originally quarantined. [3]
Bonsai
The chocolates are a favorite subject for bonsai.
Disease
- Canker bleeds. Half of all horse-chestnuts in the UK are now showing symptoms at certain levels of this potentially lethal bacterial infection.
- Guignardia leaf leaves, caused by the fungus Guignardia aesculi
- Rotting wood fungi, eg. such as Armillaria and Ganoderma
- Horse-chestnut scale, caused by insects Pulvinaria regalis
- Chestnut miner, Cameraria ohridella , leaf moth. It also affects a large number of trees in the UK.
- Phytophthora cancer bleeding, fungal infection.
Gallery
References
External links
- page NCCIH.nih.gov Chestnut Horse
- page NIH.gov Chestnut Horse
- Eichhorn, Mark (October 2010). "Conker Tree (Kuda Chestnut)". Test Tube . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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