Colonial Pipe , headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia, "is the largest US processed pipeline system and can carry over 3 million barrels of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel between the US Gulf Coast and New York Harbor regions. " The company was founded in 1961 and pipeline construction began in 1962. This pipe is 5,500 miles (8,850 km) long.
The Colonials had seven spills in four years at the end of the 20th century, three of which (1996 to 1999) caused significant environmental damage to waterways in the Southeast. The Environmental Protection Agency accused this was the result of a major negligence, and in 2000 filed a complaint over violation of the Clean Water Act against Colonial. They reached a settlement in 2003 which included a colonial civil penalty of $ 34 million. This settlement is governed by an approval decision which Colonial will increase environmental protection, at a cost of $ 30 million.
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Colonial consists of over 5,500 mi (8,900 km) of pipes, originating from Houston, Texas, on the Gulf Coast and ending in New York and New Jersey Harbor. The pipeline crosses coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The branches of the main pipe also reached Tennessee. This gives a daily average of 100 ÃÆ' - 10 6 (100,000,000) US gallons (3.8 ÃÆ' - 10 8 Ã, L) gasoline, home heating oil, aviation fuel and other processed oil products for communities and businesses throughout South and East America.
The main lines are 40 inches (1,000 mm) and 36 inches (910 mm) in diameter, with one primarily devoted to gasoline and others carrying distillate products such as jet fuel, Diesel fuel, and home heating oil. The pipeline connects directly to the main airport along the system. Fifteen related tank farms save more than 1.2 ÃÆ' - 10 9 US gallon (4.5 ÃÆ' - 10 9 Ã, L) fuel and provide 45 day supply for local people.
The product moves through the main line at a rate of about 3 to 5 miles per hour (4.8 to 8.0 km/h). It usually takes 14 to 24 days for a batch to get from Houston, Texas to the port of New York, with an average 18.5 days time.
Colonial Pipeline owners include Koch Industries (aka Koch Capital Investments Company LLC, 28.09% shareholding), South Korea National Pension Service and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (aka Keats Pipeline Investors LP, 23.44% shareholding), Caisse de dÃÆ'Â © pÃÆ'Â't et placement du QuÃÆ' Â © bec (16.55% shareholding through CDPQ Colonial Partners LP), Royal Dutch Shell (aka Shell Pipeline Company LP, 16.12% shareholding), and Industrial Funds Management (aka IFM (US ) Colonial Pipeline 2 LLC, 15.80% shareholding).
Maps Colonial Pipeline
History and timeline
Eight major oil companies began discussing the Gulf Coast-to-East Coast channel in 1956. On June 7, 1961, Sinclair Pipeline Co., Texaco Inc., Gulf Oil Co., American Oil Co., The Pure Oil Co., Phillips Petroleum Co., The Cities Service Co. and Continental Oil Co. filed a merger document in Delaware to establish the Suwannee Pipe Line Company "for the purpose of building a 22-inch line from Houston to the Baltimore-Washington region capable of delivering 300,000 barrels of processed products a day." The original Pipeline Colonial system development began in 1961.
- 1962
In February 1962, the board of the Suwannee Pipe Company met to change the company name. He chose the Colonial Pipe Company to reflect on the number of proposed United States colonial states the pipeline would cross from Houston, Texas to New York port. The car merged with eight other companies in 1962. On March 6, 1962, the Colonial Colonial Company officially announced its plans. The press release said nine companies "launched a single private sole construction project funded in US history." Initial investment by nine companies was close to $ 370 million. R.J. Andress was appointed President of a newly formed company.
Building a Colonial Pipe requires 600,000 tons of steel; and extracting 16.7 million cubic meters of earth to bury the pipes. Initially including 27 pumping stations to move the processed products between Houston, Texas and Linden, New Jersey.
An opening ceremony near Atlanta, the headquarters of the pipeline, on June 20, 1962, was attended by US Secretary of Commerce Luther Hodges and company, city and state officials. On July 2, 1962, the Colonial Colonial Company requested an offer from the contractor to build 15 major pipeline segments. Each segment averages 100 miles and 200-300 workers. Work grows about a mile per day for each segment. The length of the first pipe is shipped by rail, barge, and special trailer that is built to handle the 80-foot double joint on the road. Construction began on August 1, 1962, in Mississippi.
In December 1962, Ben "Tex" Leuty was appointed president of the Colonial Pipeline Company. He had previously served as vice president and general manager overseeing the construction of the pipeline.
- 1963
Engineers face many challenges in building pipelines. Chief among them designs and builds a valve capable of opening and closing 2 ton steel gates in a timely manner to prevent mixing of different products. The electric motor takes 3 minutes to close the large gate; this allows 2,400 barrels of product to intermix, so the product can not be used. To reduce this mixing, the Colonial engineers designed a hydraulic system that reduced mixing (and losses) by up to 120 barrels because changes were made to the delivered product.
The first Colonial "filler" began on the morning of 16 September 1963 in Houston. It was closed that day, due to a large storm forecast that was developing. Two days later Hurricane Cindy (1963) attacked the Gulf Coast. The product reached Greensboro, North Carolina for the first time in November 1963. Over the next few months, the product was shipped to markets further north in the states of Southeast and Mid-Atlantic.
- 1964
On April 27, 1964, the first batch of processed products was delivered to the Roanoke, Virginia area. On June 2, 1964, Colonial made its first delivery to the Baltimore, Maryland - Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1964, the construction of the main line of the Colonial Pipe Line was completed, and the Linden Junction Farm and Shipping Facility in New Jersey was activated. The Colonial Pipeline system was fully operational on December 18, 1964.
- 1965
The average colonial system produced 636,553 barrels of processed products per day in 1965, the first year of its operation.
Fred Steinberger was elected president of the Colonial Pipeline Company on July 26, 1965, taking over in October.
- 1966
In February 1966, the average Colonial daily produced 776,883 barrels of processed products daily, surpassing the 600,000 barrels per day expected when new construction began several years earlier. In May 1966, Colonial started phase one of the expansion project to add 18 intermediate increase stations to add horsepower to the system. This results in increased product flow through the main line between Selma, North Carolina and Greensboro, North Carolina. The board of directors of the colonial pipe approved phases 2 and 3 of the initial expansion project to increase capacity on its main line to 1 million barrels per day.
- 1967
Phase two of the expansion completed in November 1967, adding an additional pumping unit and a new stubline from Mitchell, Virginia to Roanoke, Virginia.
- 1971
"Looping", or adding a second parallel line to the first, started in 1971. This construction continued into 1980, which essentially doubled the capacity of the pipeline system. The second row is managed by 593 employees.
- 1972
The average Colonial throughput increased to an average of 1,584,000 barrels per day. Colonial ownership increased to 10 shareholders including: Atlantic Richfield Company; BP Oil Company; City Service Company; Company Continental Line Pipe; Car Channel Company; Phillips Investment Company; Texaco, Inc.; The American Oil Company; The Toronto Pipe Line Company and Union Oil Company.
- 1975
The Colonial Pipe Company named Tom Chilton as President and CEO.
- 1977
Colonial Pipeline announced the construction of a 40-inch loop line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina, and a 16-inch lateral loop between Greensboro, North Carolina and Selma, North Carolina. This increase is expected to increase system capacity by nearly 20 percent to two million barrels per day.
- 1978
On November 3, 1978, a new 40-inch line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina was placed in service. Colonial became the first company to equip a gas storage tank with geodesic dome. The Colonials renewed the Atlanta control center with a new generation of computerized SCADA systems.
- 1980
A $ 670 million expansion project is almost complete. The capacity of the colonial pipe system is 83 percent more than when the system first opened in 1964.
- 1984
Colonial begins shipping to the Department of Defense, Defense Fuel Supply Command (DFSC).
- 1985
Colonial began using caliper and pig magnets to detect anomalies in his pipe system.
- 1987
Donald Brinkley was appointed president and CEO of the Colonial Pipe Company. The Colonial Pipeline Company celebrates its 25th anniversary, serving 79 ships and 67 suppliers.
- 1988
The annual throughput of Colonial reached 635.6 million barrels. In September 1988, Colonial replaced the 7,700 feet of mainstream pipe across the Delaware River at a cost of $ 10 million.
- 1990
The Colonial annual throughput reached 667.8 million barrels, a record volume for the company.
- 1991
The Colonial Pipeline Company moved its corporate headquarters in Atlanta from Lenox Towers to Resurgens Plaza.
- 1992
The annual throughput of Colonial reached 676.2 million barrels. Colonial completed a 4,000 mile pipe inspection with a caliper pig and corrosion inspection on 3,000 miles of pipe with magnetic pig.
- 1996
Colonial introduces elastic wave pigs to examine and detect microscopic cracks in pipe walls.
- 1997
On March 26, 1997, the Colonial Pipe Company was one of ten companies recognized for quality service by the Department of Defense, the Command of Traffic Management of the Military. Colonial president and CEO Donald Brinkley retired, David Lemmon was named president and CEO.
- 1998
Colonials replace Pipeline Instructions and Proficiency Skills with computer-based training programs for operations and field field staff. Colonial expands the crack-pig internal inspection program, a key element of system integrity.
- 1999
As a precautionary measure, as of December 31, 1999, Colonial Pipeline shut down operations for several hours before and after midnight to prevent power outages associated with Y2K.
- 2000
Colonial announced plans to increase pumping power on the main line, which will increase daily capacity by 144,000 barrels to 2.35 million barrels per day. On July 27, Colonial Pipeline announced that it acquired the Alliance of Pipe Products and Terminal Systems from BP Amoco.
- 2001
The Colonial Pipeline Company is recognized by the API because its safety and environmental records receive the first "Special Environmental and Safety Award".
In September 2001, the Colonial Pipeline Company moved its headquarters from Atlanta to a suburb of Alpharetta, Georgia. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, the Colonial increased security at every facility and created a comprehensive security plan. This was later recognized by the Federal Government as a model for the pipeline industry. Colonial Pipeline marks a record year with an annual throughput of 2.3 million barrels per day.
- 2008
After the passage of Hurricane Ike in September 2008, the pipeline operates at a greatly reduced capacity due to lack of supply from refineries on the closed Gulf Coast, causing a shortage of gasoline throughout the southeastern United States.
Operation
Colonial Pipeline field operations are divided into three districts:
- The Gulf Coast District covers Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and is primarily responsible for the original Colonial shipments. Colonial mainly attracts products from refineries along the US Gulf Coast. It also uses several refineries in the Northeast.
- The Southeastern districts include Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The company's second largest tankers are in suburban Atlanta. Local supplies are shipped from here, and that is the origin of the pipeline that serves Tennessee and southern Georgia. The company's largest tanker tanker is in Greensboro, North Carolina, where the two main lines coming from Houston end. Shipping to Northeast comes from Greensboro.
- The Northeast District operations include Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey. Operation Northeast Colonial also serves Delaware and Pennsylvania. At Linden, the New Jersey jersey, Colonial operates the Intra-Harbor Transfer system, which provides many customers the ability to transfer products among themselves and access barge transport to export products.
Colonials are connected directly to several major airports, including Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh-Durham, Dulles, and Baltimore-Washington. It caters to New York metropolitan airports through connections with Buckeye Pipeline.
The list of colonial approved products includes over 86 different products. Approximately 15 to 20 of these products move with extraordinary regularity in the pipeline. Basically, shipping is worth it, but split delivery is possible and happens on a regular basis. Impenetrable items are products mixed with other quantities of the same product specifications. Separate batches maintain unauthorized fuel properties in equivalent specifications.
As a result of seven different spills in the Colonial Column in four years in the 1990s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filed a complaint in 2000 against Colonial for violations of the Clean Water Act. This is supposedly a major omission in the three cases mentioned above: 1996 Reedy River, 1997 Bear Creek, and 1999 Goose Creek/Tennessee River. The parties reached a settlement with the Colonial Pipeline announced on April 1, 2003. Colonials were required to pay civil penalties of $ 34 million, "the largest companies have paid in EPA history." "Under the consent decree, Colonial will increase environmental protection in the pipeline with an estimated cost of at least $ 30 million."
In this period, the Colonial received the award of Environmental and Safety of the American Petroleum Institute (API) for four consecutive years (1999-2002). Some of these awards were made after the EPA filed a lawsuit against the company for violations of the Clean Water Act, and before civil penalties were assessed in civil case settlement.
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina paralyzed electricity in most of Mississippi and Louisiana, forcing the Colonials to operate at a reduced flow rate. The company hired a portable generator to help restore some services when utilities recovered and restore normal services. When Hurricane Rita struck a month later, Colonial used this generator to help load the stranded products in a powerless storage tank. At a time when hurricanes Gustav and Ike struck in 2008, Colonial owns and operates this set of emergency generators. He bought a new generator set in 2012 and placed it in Mississippi, inland and out of the direct path of most storms.
Representation in media
The enormous scale of the Colonial Pipeline Project attracted considerable media attention. Fortune Magazine presented the project as a cover story in February 1963. Colonial is featured in the August 1964 edition of TIME Magazine in an article titled, "The Invisible Network: A Underground Revolution." An article in the late 1965 edition of Pipeline Magazine includes: "Colonial Pipeline will probably do more to transform American transport and marketing operations in East and South than any single venture in which our country has participated in new this year. "
See also
List of pipelines
References
External links
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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