Offshore oil and gas in the United States provides most of the country's oil and gas supplies. Large oil and gas reservoirs are found offshore from Louisiana, Texas, California and Alaska. Environmental issues have prevented or restricted offshore drilling in some areas, and the issue has been fiercely debated at the local and national levels.
Video Offshore oil and gas in the United States
Produksi
From 1954 to 2007, the federal offshore tractate produced 16.8 billion barrels (2,7 ÃÆ' - 10 9 m 3 ) from oil and 173 trillion cubic feet (4.9 ÃÆ' - 10 12 m 3 ) natural gas.
In 2007, federal offshore tracts produced 27% of oil and 14% of natural gas in the United States. Three of the top ten oil fields in the United States in terms of the remaining reserves were found to be off the Gulf of Mexico in 2007 (Mars-Ursa, Thunder Horse, and Atlantis). Oil production in the offshore areas owned by the federal government reached 492 million barrels (78 million m 3 ) in 2007, down from a record 602 million barrels (95.7 million m 3 ) was produced in 2002. 2.86 TCF offshore gas produced in 2007 fell from a 5.25 TCF high produced in 1996. Maps Offshore oil and gas in the United States
Ownership of offshore oil and gas
The issue of state versus federal ownership has a long and controversial history (see Tidelands ). The US Supreme Court ruled in 1947 that the federal government owns all seabed off the coast of California; the court applied the same doctrine against Louisiana and Texas in 1950. The court's decision to cancel an existing state lease during producing offshore oil fields in three states. However, the US Congress passed a Law on Soaked Land in 1953, which recognizes state ownership on the seabed within 3 nautical miles (6 km) from the coast. That same year, Congress passed the Continental Outer Continental Law, which fed the federal government's jurisdiction over underwater marine minerals off the state waters.
The first federal offshore rental sale was held in 1954, to offer oil production rights under the federal seabed off the coast of Louisiana.
Country ownership
Each coastal state has an area that extends 3 nautical miles (6 km) from the coast at high tide, and has jurisdiction to decide whether or not, and under what conditions, to lease areas for oil and gas. Exceptions include Texas and the west coast of Florida, which for historical reasons have seabed up to 9 nautical miles (17 km) from the coast. Louisiana is included in the 3 nautical mile rule, but because it has an active offshore lease defined before 1950 (and before most other countries), its territory is measured using Admiralty Nautical Mile, while other countries use Nautical Mile International, adopted by the United States in 1954.
The exact definition of the shoreline, dividing offshore state waters and potential private lands, depends on state law. The shifting of the coastline around the oil fields has become a complicated issue. In the Goose Creek field along the coast in Harris County, Texas, so much oil is produced that the ground elevation swoops ten feet or more, placing some private oil-producing fields beneath the surface. The state of Texas then declared that the newly submerged land, along with its oil revenues, belonged to the state.
Federal ownership
Traditionally, countries have territories extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the coast. In 1945, President Harry Truman issued a proclamation extending US jurisdiction over mineral resources to the edge of the continental shelf; the proclamation was codified by the Overseas Continental Land Act in 1953. The Geneva Convention on the continental shelf in 1958 recognized the right of every nation to mineral resources on its adjacent continental shelf, to a water depth of 200 m. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan issued a proclamation extending the US Exclusive Economic Zone to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coast.
Under the Law of the Sea, which has been signed by the US but not ratified, each state controls the Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEE) extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its banks. EEZ confers exclusive rights to a nation to explore and produce minerals, including oil and gas. In areas within 200 nautical miles of two or more countries, the territorial line is taken equidistant from the coasts of the two countries. The US and Canada refer to the ZEE boundary dispute in the Atlantic Ocean to the International Court of Justice, which ruled this issue (see Georges Bank ). Article 76 of the Law of the Sea specifies that states may in some circumstances extend their ZEE beyond the limit of 200 nautical miles, up to 350 nautical miles (650 km) from shore.
200 nautical miles EEZ left a small area in the Gulf of Mexico west covered by ZEE from the United States and Mexico, but outside ZEE from both countries ("donut hole"). The US and Mexico made agreements to divide the territory between them. The second and unfinished donut hole is in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, bordered by ZEE of the United States, Mexico, and Cuba.
Leasing and drilling on the seabed offshore is controlled by the Bureau of Sea Energy Management (BOEM), and the Bureau of Enviroment and Enforcement Environments (BSEE), formerly named the Mineral Management Service (MMS). BOEM issues a rental through a competitive offer with a sealed bid. Oil and gas companies offering the highest prepayment to the government (called bonus ) win the lease. The Government also receives annual lease yearly by area for non-production lease, and a percentage of the market value of any oil or gas produced and sold ( royalty ). The lease term ends after a few years, or continues long after that oil and gas continue to be produced from the lease. Individual channels are generally 9 square miles (23 km 2 ). The current lease offered in the Gulf of Mexico has a period of 5 years for channels in water depths of less than 400 m, and 8 years for more than 400 m of waterways. The royalty rate is 18.75% regardless of the water depth. From 1954 to 2004, the federal government received a $ 64 billion bonus, a $ 3 billion lease, $ 89 billion in royalties, and $ 3 billion in oil shipments in the form of a royalty substitute.
International ownership
Some potential petroleum deposits underlie the area outside of ZEE. For example, the North Chuckchi Basin in the Arctic Ocean is partially inside and partly outside the US ZEE.
Offshore drilling by area
Historically, offshore drilling began by expanding the known coastal oil and gas production trends into the ocean. For this reason, most offshore drilling has occurred offshore Louisiana, Texas, California, and Alaska, areas with coastal oil and gas fields.
- "Maybe in some future, when all the known oil fields will be drained of their wealth, the oil people may seek refuge in the kingdom of King Neptune."
- - Oil & amp; Journal of Gas , June 24, 1915
Alaska
The first federal offshore lease sales were held in 1976. Alaska produces oil and gas from offshore areas in Cook Inlet and the Arctic Ocean. Endicott Island is an artificial island built to produce oil from beneath the Beaufort Sea. Currently there are four artificial islands used for drilling.
With an Executive Order dated April 28, 2017, the Sea Energy Management Bureau will begin selling offshore rentals by 2019.
California
See offshore oils and gases in California
Offshore drilling began in California in 1896, when operators at the Summerland Oil Field in Santa Barbara County followed the fields into the ocean with drilling from a pier built over the ocean.
California's leasing, the state seabed was controlled by the State Land Commission, which halted further leases from the country's offshore tracts after the Santa Barbara oil spill in 1969. In 1994, the California legislature codified a new lease ban by passing the California Coastal Sanctuary Act , which prohibited new leases from offshore tracts of the country. The federal government has had no new lease sales for offshore California since 1982. Offshore drilling continues from existing platforms in state and federal waters.
The offshore state of California produces 37,400 barrels (5.950 m 3 ) of oil per day, and the federal offshore treaty produces 66,400 barrels (10,560 m 3 ) oil per day on the moon November 2008. State and federal offshore treaties make up 16% of state oil production. Famous offshore farms include Ellwood Oil Field, partly offshore and partially offshore, and Dos Cuadras Field, a spill source of 1969, fully in the federal zone.
Gulf of Mexico
See offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico.
The western and central Mexican bays, which cover offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, are one of the major oil producing regions in the United States. In 2007, federal leases in the western and central parts of the Gulf of Mexico resulted in 25% of the national oil and 14% of the national natural gas. In 2008, federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico produced 418 million barrels (66,500,000 m 3 ) of oil, down from 568 million barrels (90.3 million m 3 ) in the year 2002; However, due to new discoveries at sea, the MMS project that oil production from the Gulf of Mexico will increase to 686 million barrels (109.1 million m 3 ) per year in 2013.
Major areas include Atlantis Oil Field, and the Tiber oil field (found 2009) and others on the Keathley Canyon track. Famous oil platforms include Baldpate, Bullwinkle, Mad Dog, Magnolia, Mars, Petronius, and Thunder Horse. Notable individual wells include Jack 2 and Knotty Head.
The eastern Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Gulf of Florida, has never been a petroleum-producing region due to federal and state restrictions on exploration. The offshore platform currently exists in the east as far as the Florida-Alabama border.
East Coast
View Offshore drilling on the Atlantic coast of the USA
In the late 1970s and early 1980s oil companies drilled 51 exploration wells in federal leases offshore Atlantic shores. All rentals have now been returned to the government. A 1996 study by MMS estimates that resources can be recovered conventionally in the Atlantic federal waters to 7.2 billion barrels (1,1 ÃÆ' - 10 9 m 3 ) oil and gas 27.5 trillion cubic feet (7,8 ÃÆ' - 10 11 m 3 ).
Northwest Pacific Coast
Sunshine Mining Co. made Washington's first state oil discovery in July 1957, at a location 1.4 miles south down the coast from Ocean City. The discovery was done under state rent, and below the mean tide, which made it an offshore well. Additional wells were drilled in the area, but none produced oil. The discovery made 11,032 barrels of oil before being plugged in 1959.
In 1964, the federal government rented a 581,000 acre (2,400 km 2 ) land channel off the coast of Oregon and Washington. Oil companies drilled six tests off the coast of Washington (three in state waters and three in federal waters) and seven tests in federal waters off the Oregon coast. The OCS P-0130 was drilled well off the Oregon coast by Union Oil in 1966 described as having "commercial gas production potential", but no wells were completed as producers, and federal leases ended in 1969.
Further north, in Canadian waters, Shell Canada drills 14 wells off the coast from Vancouver Island from 1967-1969. Nothing works. Canada has had a federal moratorium on offshore drilling on its west coast since 1972.
Great Lakes
The lakebeds under the US part of the Great Lakes are owned by adjacent countries. The only country that allows oil and gas drilling under the Great Lakes in recent years is Michigan, and that is only by direct drilling from onshore locations. All oil and gas drilling, either directly or under the Great Lakes, has been banned by federal law since 2002.
The Canadian side of Lake Erie has 480 gas wells that produce in the lake. Gas production in the waters of Lake Erie Canada dates back to 1913; more than 2000 wells have been drilled to Clinton Sand, up to several miles from the US lake side; the same formation produces gas from many ground wells on the US side, but there are no wells in the US part of the lake. The province of Ontario, where offshore wells are located, allows gas wells, but not oil wells, off Lake Erie. Ontario allows the production of oil from beneath the lake only from wells drilled directed from sea surface locations; a number of these directed wells produced oil from under Lake Erie at Goldsmith/Lakeshore Field.
A gas well to the Medina Group was drilled in 1958 in the waters of the state of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie.
The only country that has oil and gas production today from below the Great Lakes is Michigan. Michigan has 13 oil and gas wells that produce from beneath Lake Michigan, all drilled directed from the surface location on the beach. Direct drilling under the Great Lakes is now banned.
The US Geological Survey estimates that 430 million barrels (68,000,000 m 3 ) of the recoverable petroleum fluid and 5.2 trillion cubic feet (1.5 ÃÆ' - 10 < soup> 11
Restrictions on offshore drilling
View offshore drilling debate
Country restrictions
A number of countries, including California and Florida, have banned the lease of state waters for oil and gas drilling. In 2009, a bill that would cancel some restrictions on oil and gas leases in Florida state waters failed in the state of Florida (see
In 2018, New Jersey enacted legislation to ban oil and gas drilling in state waters and prohibit construction of oil and gas drilling infrastructure and facilities including pipelines and piers in New Jersey and its waters. This is an attempt to cut infrastructure to make it more difficult to drill in federal waters. New York, California, South Carolina and Rhode Island introduced similar bills in their state.
Federal restricted
Congress passed the Marine Protection, Research and Protection Act of 1972, which regulates the establishment of the National Marine Reserves, where certain activities, including oil and gas drilling, are prohibited. To date, 13 shelters with a combined area of ​​150,000 square miles (390,000 km 2 ) have been established.
In 1982, the US Congress directed that no federal funds were used to lease federal channels off Washington, Oregon, or central and northern California. Over the years, Congress added other areas until the forbidden area covered all the east and west coasts, and the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Congress reiterated the effective prohibition of offshore drilling in these areas every year until September 2008, when the draft law passed through the House and Senate without a ban.
In 1990, Congress passed the North Carolina Outer Banks Protection Act, prohibiting the leasing and drilling in the federal ocean floor of North Carolina.
In 1990, President George H. W. Bush issued an executive moratorium restricting federal overseas rentals to Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of Alaska. Moratorium prohibits federal leasing through 2000 off the east coast, west coast, east of the Gulf of Mexico (off the coast of the Florida Gulf Coast), and north of the Aleutian Basin of Alaska. In 1998, President Bill Clinton extended the moratorium until 2012. In July 2008, President George W. Bush canceled an executive order.
In 2002, Congress imposed a drilling moratorium or directly under the Great Lakes. The ban was made permanent by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
Parts of the center and most of the eastern Gulf of Mexico are prohibited for oil and gas leases until 2022 by the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006.
Other mineral resources
The US offshore area may contain sulfur, salt, sand and gravel resources, phosphate rocks, manganese nodules, and heavy mineral placer deposits. To date, nothing has been produced for commercial purposes except sulfur and salt in the Gulf of Mexico, and gold in Alaska state waters near Nome. MMS has enabled sand dredging in federal waters to recover damaged beaches in Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida. Previously, a huge gold dredger existed for many years, mined Nome, Alaska. Auction of state rent up to the limit of three miles is still rarely held.
From 1960 to 2000, sulfur was mined by the Frasch process from a salt cupola ax in Main Pass mine 299, offshore Louisiana. A total of 34 million short sulfur tons were found before the mine closed; salt also recovered.
References
See also
- Offshore oil drilling
- The oil platform
- US offshore drilling debate
External links
- Map of wells drilled in federal waters, Gulf of Mexico
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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