Oil lamp

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An oil lamp is an object used to produce continuous light for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source. The use of oil lamps began thousands of years ago and continues to this day, though it is not common anymore. They are often associated with stories where rubbing oil lamps will summon the jinn who live in them.

The oil lamp is a form of illumination, and is used as an alternative to wax before the use of electric lights. Beginning in 1780, the Argand lamps quickly replaced other oil lamps still in their ancient form of base. This was in turn replaced by kerosene lamps in about 1850. In the small towns and rural areas the latter continued to be used well into the 20th century, until these areas were finally electrified and light bulbs could be used.

Fuel sources for oil lamps include a variety of crops such as nuts (walnuts, almonds) and grains (sesame, olives, caster, hemp). Also widely used are animal fats (butter, fish oil, shark liver, whale fat, seals).

Most modern lamps (such as lanterns fueled) have been replaced by gas-based or petroleum-based fuels to operate when non-electric emergency lights are needed. Therefore, current oil lamps are mainly used for the special atmosphere they produce.

Video Oil lamp

Components

The following are the main external parts of the terracotta lamps:

• Shoulders
• Pour holes

The hole in which the fuel is put into the fuel chamber. Width ranges from 0.5-5 cm in general. There may be single or multiple holes.

• Axis hole , and nozzle .

This may be just a hole in the torso, or an elongated nozzle. In some special types of lamps, there is a groove on the superior aspect of the nozzle that flows into the pouring hole to regain the oil flowing from the axis.

• Handle

The light can come with or without a handle. The grip can come in various forms. The most common is a ring shaped for the index finger is overcome by palmette, where the thumb is pressed to stabilize the lamp. Other handles may be crescent, triangular, or semi-ovalular. Handleless lamps usually have an elongated nozzle, and sometimes have lug up diagonally from the edges. The lug can act as a small grip where the thumb is leaning. Some lugs are pierced. It was speculated that the pierced lugs were used to place a pen or straw, called acus or festuca , with a trimmed axis. Others think that pierced lugs are used to hang a lamp with a metal hook when not in use.

• Discussions
• Burn Room

Fuel damages. The average volume in typical terracotta lamps is 20 cc.

Maps Oil lamp

Light typology

Lights can be categorized based on different criteria, including materials (clay, silver, bronze, gold, stone, slip), shapes, structures, designs and imagery (eg symbolic, religion, mythology, erotic, combat, hunting).

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Light typology category

Typologically, Ancient Mediterranean lights can be divided into seven main categories:

Made with wheels : This category includes Greek and Egyptian lights dated before the 3rd century BC. They are characterized by a simple, little or no decoration, and a wide cast pit, lack of handles, and pierced or unlabeled lugs. Piercing lugs occur briefly between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Unpierced lugs continued into the 1st century BC.

Volute, Imperial Beginning : With spirals, scroll-like ornaments (volutes) extend from their nozzles, these bulbs are mostly produced in Italy during the Early Roman period. They have large discs, narrow shoulders and no grips, elaborate drawings and artistic finishing, and a wide variety of decorating patterns.

Imperial High : This is ancient Rome. The shoulders are wider and the discs are smaller with fewer decorations. These lights have handles and short plain nozzles, and the finishing is less artistic.

Frog : This is a regional-style lamp produced exclusively in Egypt and found in the surrounding area, between c. 100 and 300 AD. The frog (Heqet) is a symbol of Egyptian fertility.

African Red Lamp lights are made in North Africa, but are exported a lot, and are decorated in red slip. They date from the 2nd century to the 7th century and consist of various forms including flat shoulders and decorated with small and relatively shallow discs. Their decor is not religious, Christian or Jewish. The flow flows from the nozzle back to the pouring hole, it is hypothesized that this is to take back the spilled oil. These lights often have more than one casting hole.

Lamp Sandals are oval and are found primarily in the Levant. They were produced between the 3rd century and the 9th century. Decorations include wine rolls, palm wreaths, and Greek letters.

Factory light : Also called Firmalampen (from German), it is universal in distribution and simple in appearance. They have a distributed nozzle, a plain disc, and 2 or 3 protuberances on the shoulder. Originally made in factories in Northern Italy and South Gaul between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, they were exported to all Roman provinces. Most of them are stamped at the bottom to identify the manufacturer.

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Oil lamps in a religious context

Judaism

Lights appear in the Torah and other Jewish sources as a symbol of "illuminating" the way for the righteous, wise, and for love and other positive values. While fire is often described as destructive, light is given a positive spiritual meaning. The oil lamp and its light are important household items, and this can explain their symbolism. The oil lamp is used for many spiritual rituals. The oil lamp and its light also became an important ritualistic article with the further development of Jewish culture and its religion.

• "And ye shall command the children of Israel that they may bring you pure olive oil for light, that the lamp may be burned constantly". Exodus 27:20
• "When you set the lights, seven lights will give light in front of the lamp stand (menorah)." Number 8: 1 -4
• "Your word is a lamp to my feet, and a light to my path." (Psalm 119: 105)
• "There I will make pride to grow up for David: I have prepared a lamp for my anointed one." (Psalm 132: 16)
• "Your parents give you light-like commands and teachings to show you in the right way.This doctrine corrects you and trains you to follow the path to life." (Proverbs 6:23);
• "The human spirit is the lamp of God, seeking all its inmost parts." (Proverbs 20:27).
• "The lamp is called a lamp, and the human spirit is called a lamp." (Babylonian Talmud, Sabbath 30B)
Chanukah

The Menorah Temple, a ritual of seven branched oil lamps used in the Second Temple, formed the center of the Chanukah story and centered on the story of the oil miracle: During the cleansing of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after the looting, the lamps should be burning constantly, forever, but only enough oil for one day, and no more oil will be available for eight days. The miracle, however, oil is expected to last only one day burned for the full eight days instead.

Christianity

There are several references to oil lamps in the New Testament:

The story is told by Jesus: "At that time the kingdom of God shall be like ten bridesmaids who go to wait for the bridegroom: they carry their lamps with them, five of the bridesmaids are foolish, and five wise. take them lights with them but they do not take the extra oil for the lights The wise bridesmaids take their lights and more oil in the jar.When the bridegroom is so late, the bridesmaids can not open their eyes, and they all Asleep, midnight someone announced, 'The groom is coming! Come and see him!' Then all the bridesmaids awoke, they made their lights ready, but the dumb bridesmaid said to the wise girls, "Give us some oil. The oil in our lamps is gone. "The wise bridesmaids replied," No! The oil we have may not be enough for all of us. But go to those who sell oil and buy some for yourself. "So the foolish bridesmaid went to buy oil, While they were gone, the groom came in. The bridesmaids were ready to enter with the bridegroom to the party marriage, then the door was closed and locked, and then the other bridesmaids came in. "Sir, sir! Open the door to let us in. "But the groom replied," Of course not! I do not even know you. "So be ready.You do not know the day or time when the Son of Man will come."

• "Your eyes are the lamps of your body, when your eyes sound, your whole body is sound, your whole body is full of light, but when there is no sound, your body is full of darkness."
• "He [ie John the Baptist] is a light that lights and shines, and you are willing to rejoice for a few moments in his light."
• "And the night will be no more: they will not need light or sunshine, for the Lord God will be their light, and they shall reign for ever."
• "The light of the body is the eye: if it is because your eyes are single, your whole body will be full of light, but if your eyes are evil, your whole body will be full of darkness.If therefore the light in you darkness, how great that darkness YLT: "The light of the body is the eye, if, therefore, your eyes may be perfect, your entire body will be illuminated, but if your eyes may be evil, all your bodies will darken, if, therefore, that is in you is darkness - darkness, how great! "

In the Orthodox Church and many oil lamps of the Eastern Catholic Church (Greek: candili , Slavonic: lampada ) is still used in the Holy Table (altar) illuminated the icon in iconostasis and around the temple (church building). Orthodox Christians will also use oil lamps in their homes to illuminate their iconic corners.

Traditionally, the sanctuary light in the Orthodox church is an oil lamp. It is illuminated by the bishop when the church is sanctified, and ideally it should be burned continuously afterwards. The oil burned in all these lamps is traditionally olive oil.

In Greece and Cyprus, lampÃÆ'¡da (Greek: ???????) is a special name for a candle held by a faithful person at the Easter service celebrating the Resurrection. Although ordinary paraffin or wax bee candles can be used, a lampgie is usually a large white candle, or, in the case of children, colorful candles decorated with ribbons, beads, toys, dried flowers etc. lampÃÆ'¡da was lit up at midnight, with a sacred light from the pastor's candle, and then brought home. Signs of the cross are often made with soot from this flame on the doorstep above the main door of the house, and the flame is moved to an iconic oil corner lamp; only then can lampÃÆ'¡da be extinguished. The cross above the door and the flame in front of the icon is believed to bestow the protection of the Risen Lord in the household.

In Eastern Christianity it is common to hang ostrich eggs adorned on chains that hold oil lamps. The initial reason may be to keep rats and mice down from chains to eat oil. Another explanation, symbolically, is based on the fictitious tradition that female ostriches do not sit on their eggs, but are staring at them endlessly until they hatch, because if they stop staring even for the two eggs will increase. This is equated with the duty of Christians to direct all their attention to God during prayer, so that prayer does not work.

Islam

"God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. His parable of light is, as it is, from the nook that contains the lamp; the lamp is covered in glass, the glass shines like a shining star: [light] lit from a blessed tree - olive tree which is not from the east or west, its oil [so bright] will almost give its own light even though the fire has not yet touched it: light upon the light! God guided his light to him who would be guided; and [for this purpose] parable to man, for God [himself] has full knowledge of all things

Hinduism

"Man is doing something wrong here


With ignorance, dark knowledge. But, for whom The darkness of the soul is pursued by Light (God),
Excellent and clear shine creates Truth As if the Sun of Wisdom jumps to release
Its dawn beam. He's mediating,
He searches, with Him mixed, fixed on Him, Site The illuminated soul takes the path There is no way to return - their sins are thrown away With the power of faith. Who would, perhaps have this Light; Who sees it, look. "- Bhagavad-Gita , Ch: V, Line 50-60.

Oil lamps are commonly used in Hindu temples as well as in house temples. Generally the lamps used in the temple are circular with a place for five axes. They are made of metal and hanging on a chain or screwed into a base. There will usually be at least one lamp in each temple, and the main temple may contain several. Usually only one axis is lit, with all five burning only on festive occasions. The oil lamp is used in Aarti Hindu ritual.

At the temple house, lamp style is usually different, containing only one axis. Usually there is a piece of metal that forms the back of the lamp, which has a picture of a Hindu deity embossed on it. In many homes, the lights are on all day, but in another house, the lights are turned on at sunset. The lights at the house shrine should be lit before the other lights are turned on at night.

A hand oil lamp or incense (lighted from the lamp) is also used during Hindu puja ceremonies. In Northern India, a five-axis lamp is used, usually filled with ghee. On special occasions, various other lamps can be used for puja, the most complex has several levels of axis.

In South India, there are several types of oil lamps common in traditional temples and rituals, some smaller ones used for offerings as well:

• Deepalakshmi , a brass lamp with Dewi Sri Lakshmi's portrayal on the back. They are usually small and have only one axis.
• My nilavilak , a brass or bronze lamp high in the cradle where the axis is placed at a certain height.
• Paavai vilakku , brass or bronze lights in the form of a woman holding a ship with her hand. These types of lamps come in a variety of sizes, from very small to almost the same size. There is also a large stone version of these lamps in Hindu temples and temples in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, mainly at the base of the column and flanking the entrance to the temple. They only have one axis.
• Thooku vilakku , brass or bronze lamps hanging from chains, often with multiple axes.

Chinese folk religion

The oil lamps are lit in traditional Chinese temples before the image of a god or plaque with a Classical Chinese character that gives the name of a god. Such lights are usually made of clear glass (they look similar to ordinary glasses) and filled with oil, sometimes with water underneath. A cork or plastic container containing axis is placed on top of the oil with the bottom of the axis submerged in oil.

Such lights continue to burn in the holy places, whether private or public, and incense sticks burning from the lamp.



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History

It is very difficult to say when and where the first oil lamp is used. This is partly because it is difficult to draw a line detailing when primitive forms create a sustainable source of light from a fire can be called a lamp. The first lamp is made of natural objects, coconut, sea shell, eggshell, and hollow stone. Some believe that the first proper lamp is carved out of stone. Curved stone lights are found in places dated 10 millennia BC (Mesolithic, Middle Stone Age Period, c.10,300-8000 BC). The oldest stone oil lamps were found in Lascaux in 1940 in a cave that was inhabited 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.

Some archaeologists claim that the first shells existed more than 6,000 years ago (Neolithic, Late Stone Age, about 8500-4500 BC). They believe that alabaster shell lamps unearthed at Sumera's 2600 BC sites are replicas of original shells used for long periods (Bronze Beginning, Canaan/Bronze I-IV, c. 3300-2000 BC).

It is generally agreed that the evolution of handmade lamps move from bowl-shaped to shaped plates, then from plates with nozzles, to a covered bowl with a spout.

The Age of Calcolitik, c. 4500-3300 BC

The first red-produced pottery lamps appeared. This is a round bowl type.

Bronze Age (3200-1200 BC)

The lamp is a simple bowl wheel with a slight pinch on four sides for the axis. The lamp then only has one pinch. These lights vary in the shape of a rim, the general shape of the bowl and its base form.

• Medium Bronze Age Lamp (EBIV/MBI)

The earliest known lights from Bronze Bronze Lights (EBIV/MBI) lamps With four axis lights. These lights are made of a large bowl with four shallow braces for the wick.

• Middle Bronze Age Lamp (MB)

The four-axis oil lamps survive this period, most lights now have one axis. At the beginning of this period, the pinch was shallow, while later becoming more prominent and the mouth protruding out of the lamp body. The base is simple and flat. Rough pottery wheels are introduced, turning handmade bowls into more uniform containers. The plate style evolved into a single muzzle shape.

• Bronze Age Lights (LB)

A single spark that is more prominent and deeper developed, and almost closed on either side. The shape evolves into more triangles, deeper and larger. All lights are now made with wheels. Basically simple, usually flat.

Iron Age (1200-560 BC)

The rim becomes wider and flat with deeper and higher spout. The tip of the spout is more upright than the rest of the rim.

Lights become variables in form and distribution. We still find lights similar to the Bronze End period. In addition, other shapes evolved, such as small lights with a flat base and larger bulbs with rounded base. The next form continued into the Iron Age II.

In the later Iron Age, we find different forms. One common type is small, with wide rims and wide base. Another type is a shallow, shallow bowl with a thick and high disc top.

Arctic

The oil seal oil (Qulliq) gives warmth and light in the arctic environment of hard where there is no wood and where the population rarely relies almost entirely on seal oil. This light is the most important furniture article for Inuit, Yupik, and other Eskimo communities.

The lights are made of stone and the size and shape of their lamps can be different, but most are elliptical or half-month shaped. The axis is mostly made of dried moss or lemongrass and is lit along the edges of the lamp. A piece of fat seal can be left to melt on a lamp that gives it more fat.

Persian

This large lamp has thin sides and deep clasps, which flatten the mouth and make it stick out.

Greek

Lights are more closed to avoid spills. They are smaller and more subtle. Most do not have handleless. Some with lugs, stabbed and not stabbed. Nozzle lengthwise. The rim is folded to make a nozzle, so it overlaps and then squeezed to make the axis hole.

They are round in shape, artificial wheel.

Mandarin

The earliest Chinese oil lamps date from the Warring States period (481-221 BC). Ancient China creates oil lamps with refillable reservoirs and fibrous axes, giving controlled flame lights. Lamps are built of jade, bronze, ceramics, wood, stone, and other materials. The largest oil lamp unearthed so far is one found in a 4th century tomb located in Pingshan, modern Hebei.

Initial Romance

Oil-lamp production shifts to Italy as the main source of supply. Print used. All lights are closed in type. Lamps are produced on a large scale in the factory. The lamp is produced in two parts, the top with a spout and the bottom with a fuel chamber. Most are the typical Imperial type. It is round with nozzles of various shapes (volute, semi-volute, U-shaped), with a closed body and with a central disk emblazoned with relief and filling holes.

End Roman

High Imperial Type. More decoration. Produced locally or imported on a large scale. Multi-nozzled lights appear. Different varieties.

In this period we find frog type lamps. This is a kidney or heart or oval shape. With a frog or abstract motif, and sometimes with geometric motifs. They are manufactured around 100 AD. They are so varied that rarely do two are identical.

Byzantine

Sandals shaped. Very decorative. Some of the nozzles continue. Mostly with a handle. Some complexes in external anatomy.

Beginning of Islam

There was a transition from Byzantine to an Islamic light. The decoration of this transition lamp changes from crosses, animals, human likenesses, birds, fish, etc., into straight-line patterns, geometric, and freckles.

Early Islamic lights continued the tradition of Byzantine lamps. The decoration originally shaped birds, wheat, trees, plants, or flowers. Then they become fully geometric or linear with points arising.

In the 9th century Baghdad, al-Razi (Rhazes) describes the first kerosene lamp; he calls it "naffatah" in his book Kitab al-Asrar ( The Secret Book ).

During the transition period some lights have Arabic script. Then the writing disappears until the Mamluk period (13-15 century centuries).

Industry age

The oil railway lamps provide models for the first bicycle lights in the 1860s.



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Area variation

Israel

• The oil lamp of Jerusalem: Characteristic of black color of clay because the clay is burned without oxygen. Usually high quality.
• Daroma oil lamp:
• Jerash oil lamp:
• Nabatean oil lamp:
• Herodian oil lamps: Considered to be used primarily by Jews. Wheels are made, round. Nozzle with sunken side. Lamps are usually not decorated. If there is an ornament, it tends to be simple. Very common throughout Israel, and some lights are also found in Jordan. Dates from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century.
• Menorah oil lamp, seven nozzles: Rare and attributed to Judaism due to numerical connections with seven branches or Menorah arms.
• Samaria oil lamp: Marked with a sealed filling hole, which should be broken by the buyer. This may be done to ensure ritual purity. The wider drains, and the basins flanking the nozzles are almost always emphasized with the ladder pattern tape. In general the lamp is not coated. Decorations are linear and/or geometric.
  • Type I: Different channels run from the pouring hole to the nozzle, the small button handle, the staircase pattern around the nozzle and do not show the ornament at the bottom of the base.
  • Type II: A pear-shaped and elongated channel, lined up from the filling hole to the nozzle, continues to be used until the early Muslim period.
• Candle oil candle candle: Menorah design on nozzle and a bunch of grapes on the shoulders.
• Byzantine oil lamps: The top is covered with a braid pattern and a handle. All made of dark orange clay. The underside of the round with X or a different cross appears on the circled base.
• Early Islamic oil lamps: The large button and channel drags above the nozzle are the dominant elements. The handle is tongue-shaped. The decor is rich and elegant. The bottom is very wide and nozzles are directed.

Importance of oil lamps in India

In the Vedic age, the fire remained alive in every household in some form and carried by itself while migrating to a new location. Then the presence of fire in houses or religious buildings is ensured by oil lamps. Over the years various rituals and customs have been woven around the oil lamps.

To Deep Daan , a gift from the lamp and still believed to be the best daan (donation). During the marriage, the elderly maids of the household stood behind the bride, holding oil lamps to ward off evil. The presence of oil lamps is an important aspect of the worship ritual (Shodashopachar Puja) offered to the gods. In addition, a day is set aside for the worship of lights on the busy festival calendar, on one day of amavasya (no month) in Shravan month. This tribute to depth is based on the symbolism of the journey of darkness and ignorance of light and knowledge of ultimate reality - "tamaso ma jyotirgamaya".

Previously lights were made of stone or shell. The shape is like a round bowl with a prominent beak. Then they are replaced by earth and metal lights. In the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, there are references to gold and silver lamps as well. Simple forms evolved and lights were created in the form of matsya (fish), dates (Turtles) and other incarnations of the god Vishnu and also in the form of many symbols of the god such as snail shells, lotus and so on. Birds such as geese, peacocks, parrots and animals such as snakes, lions, elephants and horses are also favorites when decorating lights. For lighting some lamps, wood and deepastambha stones (light towers) were created.

Establishing deepastambha in front of a temple is still a common practice in western and southern India. In some South Indian temples, the raised light tower called Kamba Vilakku made of brass can be seen. To adapt designs to households and smaller spaces, deepavriksha (light trees) are formed. As its name implies, it is a metal lamp container with curved-curved aesthetic lines branched out from the base of each holding lamp. The Deepalakshmi is another common design in which the goddess Lakshmi holds a lamp in his hand. Kuthuvilakku is another typical lamp that is traditionally used for domestic use in South India.

The oil lamp is also a saying. For example, the proverb Bradj (pre-Hindi) says, "Chiraag tale andhera", "the deepest darkness is under the oil lamp (chiraag)", meaning that what you are looking for can be close but unwittingly (just below your nose or feet), in various senses (and indeed, the lampshelves form a strong shadow).



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Oil tax

Source of the article : Wikipedia